Abstract
Pomegranate ( Punica granatum ) is a non-climacteric fruit with a high antioxidant content in arils and peels, of which 92% are anthocyanins and tannins. However, it is susceptible to chilling injury (CI), a physiological disorder concentrated in the peel, which can affect the organoleptic quality of the fruit. To understand the effects of modified atmosphere and ethylene in responses to stress on the antioxidant quality of the fruit and composition of fatty acids in the peel under CI conditions, the exogenous ethylene treatments (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 μg L –1 ), 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP; 1 μl L –1 ), modified atmosphere packaging (MAP: XTend™ bags), combined strategy MAP/1-MCP, and package in macroperforated bags (MPB-control treatment) were evaluated. The assay was performed in cold conditions (2 ± 1°C; 85% RH) to stimulate damage and was sampled for 120 days (+3 days at 20°C). During cold storage, CI symptoms began at 20 days in MPB and at 60 days for all treatments with exogenous ethylene; CI symptoms were delayed up to 120 days in MAP, 1-MCP, and the combined MAP/1-MCP treatment. Damage was concentrated in the peel. Ethylene and MPB-control treatments induced significant electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative damage. In contrast, MAP alone or in combination with 1-MCP successfully delayed CI symptoms. However, no significant differences were observed between treatments in fatty acid content, e.g., in the peel, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, but a significant loss was noted after 60 days of storage. Cold storage caused an increase in anthocyanin concentration in the peel and arils, increasing up to 12 times in the peel of the fruit treated with ethylene at the final stage of storage (120 days + 3 days at 20°C), with non-significant differences in the tannin content in the peel. During long-term cold storage of pomegranate, MAP and 1-MCP treatments delay and reduce the appearance of CI symptoms. This long cold storage induces an important decrease in the unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio, which is not reversed by any postharvest treatment. A higher unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio after 1-MCP treatments showed a protective effect in peel tissues. In addition, it was possible to increase the concentration of anthocyanins in the peel of cold-storage pomegranates treated with ethylene.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling symptoms began at 20 days in control packaging.
- Taxon
- Pomegranate
Punica granatumt0 - Treatment
- MPBe0
- Outcome
- CI symptoms begane0
- Value
- 20 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CI symptoms began at 20 days in MPB”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling symptoms began at 60 days with exogenous ethylene.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ethylenee0
- Outcome
- CI symptomse0
- Value
- 60 dayse0
- Comparator
- MPBe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CI symptoms began at 20 days in MPB and at 60 days for all treatments with exogenous ethylene”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
Claim · model-written summary
MAP delayed chilling symptoms to 120 days.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- MAPe0
- Outcome
- CI symptomse0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Value
- 120 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CI symptoms were delayed up to 120 days in MAP, 1-MCP, and the combined MAP/1-MCP treatment.”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP delayed chilling symptoms to 120 days.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- 1-MCPe0
- Outcome
- CI symptomse0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Value
- 120 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CI symptoms were delayed up to 120 days in MAP, 1-MCP, and the combined MAP/1-MCP treatment.”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined MAP and 1-MCP delayed chilling symptoms to 120 days.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- combined MAP/1-MCP treatmente0
- Outcome
- CI symptomse0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Value
- 120 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CI symptoms were delayed up to 120 days in MAP, 1-MCP, and the combined MAP/1-MCP treatment.”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling damage was concentrated in fruit peel.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Organ / stage
- peele0
- Outcome
- Damage was concentrated in the peele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Damage was concentrated in the peel.”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene induced significant electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- Ethylenee0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethylene and MPB-control treatments induced significant electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative damage.”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
Claim · model-written summary
MPB control induced significant electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- MPB-control treatmentse0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethylene and MPB-control treatments induced significant electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative damage.”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
Claim · model-written summary
Fatty acid content did not differ significantly among treatments.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- fatty acid contente0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- between treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant differences were observed between treatments in fatty acid content, e.g., in the peel, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
Claim · model-written summary
Fatty acid content declined significantly after 60 days.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Outcome
- fatty acid contente0
- Direction
- losse0
- Qualifier
- after 60 days of storagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fatty acid content, e.g., in the peel, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, but a significant loss was noted after 60 days of storage.”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold storage increased peel and aril anthocyanin concentration.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Organ / stage
- peel and arilse0
- Treatment
- Cold storagee0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cold storage caused an increase in anthocyanin concentration in the peel and arils”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene-treated peel anthocyanins increased up to 12 times by the final storage stage.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin concentratione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 12 timese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“anthocyanin concentration in the peel and arils, increasing up to 12 times in the peel of the fruit treated with ethylene at the final stage of storage (120 days + 3 days at 20°C)”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
Claim · model-written summary
Peel tannin content showed nonsignificant differences.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Outcome
- tannin contente0
- Direction
- non-significant differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“non-significant differences in the tannin content in the peel.”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
Claim · model-written summary
Long cold storage decreased the unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- long cold storagee0
- Outcome
- unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This long cold storage induces an important decrease in the unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
Claim · model-written summary
No postharvest treatment reversed the decline in unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- any postharvest treatmente0
- Outcome
- unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratioe0
- Direction
- not reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This long cold storage induces an important decrease in the unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio, which is not reversed by any postharvest treatment.”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP yielded a higher unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio and protective peel effect.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- 1-MCP treatmentse0
- Outcome
- unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A higher unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio after 1-MCP treatments showed a protective effect in peel tissues.”
t0“Pomegranate Peel”
The same questions in other papers
ethene · physiology: oxidative · Punica granatum (pomegranate)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
1-methylcyclopropene · crop injury · Punica granatum (pomegranate)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
ethene · quality: phytochemicals · Punica granatum (pomegranate)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
cold · quality: phytochemicals · Punica granatum (pomegranate)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.