Abstract
Overproduction of nitric oxide free radical (•NO) potentially causes the reduction in antioxidant defense system, damaging cell components and leading to physiological disorders in postharvest horticultural crops. In this study, the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP; NO donor) or 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO; NO scavenger) on antioxidant enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity and pericarp browning development of harvested longan fruit were investigated. Longan fruits were dipped in distilled water (control), SNP (50 and 100 mM) or cPTIO (100 and 500 μM) for 10 min, then stored at 25 ± 1 °C for 7 d. It was shown that antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and total antioxidant capacity including ABTS and DPPH decreased during storage. These reductions coincided with an increase in pericarp browning (browning index). Enzyme activity and antioxidant capacity assays confirmed our results that NO involved in longan pericarp browning. The activity of SOD, CAT, APX and GPX were reduced by 2.5-71.5%, 30.6-66.1%, 26.7-75.5% and 34.3-68.7%, respectively, after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO. In addition, the total antioxidant capacity ABTS and DPPH were reduced by 13.3-66.8% and 17.6-49.4%, respectively, after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 3.6-58.8% and 2.0-128.7%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO. Treatment with 100 mM of SNP was more efficient in inhibited the activity and capacity of antioxidant than that of 50 mM SNP. In contrast, the cPTIO-treated fruit exhibited opposite results by maintaining antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant capacity, corresponding to the reduction in pericarp browning. Treatment with 500 μM of cPTIO was more efficient in increased the activity and capacity of antioxidant than that of 100 μM SNP. The antioxidant potential and development of pericarp browning depended on the applied concentration of SNP or cPTIO. These results revealed that exposure to excessive NO resulted in the reduction in antioxidant potential and the increment of pericarp browning of harvested longan fruit.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme activities and total antioxidant capacity decreased during storage.
- Taxon
- longan
Dimocarpus longant0 - Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- during storagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and total antioxidant capacity including ABTS and DPPH decreased during storage”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp browning increased as antioxidant measures declined.
- Taxon
- longanDimocarpus longant0
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe0
- Outcome
- pericarp browning (browning index)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These reductions coincided with an increase in pericarp browning (browning index)”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP reduced SOD activity by 2.5-71.5% after seven days.
- Taxon
- longanDimocarpus longant0
- Treatment
- SNP treatmente1
- Outcome
- SODe2
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 2.5-71.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOD, CAT, APX and GPX were reduced by 2.5-71.5%”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
e2“The activity of SOD, CAT, APX and GPX”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP reduced CAT activity by 30.6-66.1% after seven days.
- Taxon
- longanDimocarpus longant0
- Treatment
- SNP treatmente1
- Outcome
- CATe2
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30.6-66.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOD, CAT, APX and GPX were reduced by 2.5-71.5%, 30.6-66.1%”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
e2“The activity of SOD, CAT, APX and GPX”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP reduced APX activity by 26.7-75.5% after seven days.
- Taxon
- longanDimocarpus longant0
- Treatment
- SNP treatmente1
- Outcome
- APXe2
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 26.7-75.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOD, CAT, APX and GPX were reduced by 2.5-71.5%, 30.6-66.1%, 26.7-75.5%”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
e2“The activity of SOD, CAT, APX and GPX”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP reduced GPX activity by 34.3-68.7% after seven days.
- Taxon
- longanDimocarpus longant0
- Treatment
- SNP treatmente1
- Outcome
- GPXe2
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 34.3-68.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOD, CAT, APX and GPX were reduced by 2.5-71.5%, 30.6-66.1%, 26.7-75.5% and 34.3-68.7%”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
e2“The activity of SOD, CAT, APX and GPX”
Claim · model-written summary
cPTIO increased SOD activity by 2.4-109.6%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were increased by 2.4-109.6%”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
e2“The activity of SOD, CAT, APX and GPX”
Claim · model-written summary
cPTIO increased CAT activity by 3.8-153.8%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
e2“The activity of SOD, CAT, APX and GPX”
Claim · model-written summary
cPTIO increased APX activity by 6.3-47.1%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1%”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
e2“The activity of SOD, CAT, APX and GPX”
Claim · model-written summary
cPTIO increased GPX activity by 31.9-156.5%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
e2“The activity of SOD, CAT, APX and GPX”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP reduced ABTS antioxidant capacity by 13.3-66.8%.
- Taxon
- longanDimocarpus longant0
- Treatment
- SNP treatmente1
- Outcome
- ABTSe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 13.3-66.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABTS and DPPH were reduced by 13.3-66.8% and 17.6-49.4%”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP reduced DPPH antioxidant capacity by 17.6-49.4%.
- Taxon
- longanDimocarpus longant0
- Treatment
- SNP treatmente1
- Outcome
- DPPHe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 17.6-49.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABTS and DPPH were reduced by 13.3-66.8% and 17.6-49.4%”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
Claim · model-written summary
cPTIO increased ABTS capacity by 3.6-58.8%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABTS and DPPH were reduced by 13.3-66.8% and 17.6-49.4%, respectively, after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 3.6-58.8%”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
e2“the total antioxidant capacity ABTS and DPPH”
Claim · model-written summary
cPTIO increased DPPH capacity by 2.0-128.7%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABTS and DPPH were reduced by 13.3-66.8% and 17.6-49.4%, respectively, after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 3.6-58.8% and 2.0-128.7%”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
e2“the total antioxidant capacity ABTS and DPPH”
Claim · model-written summary
100 mM SNP inhibited antioxidant activity and capacity more than 50 mM SNP.
- Taxon
- longanDimocarpus longant0
- Treatment
- 100 mM of SNPe0
- Outcome
- activity and capacity of antioxidante0
- Direction
- more efficient in inhibitede0
- Comparator
- 50 mM SNPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with 100 mM of SNP was more efficient in inhibited the activity and capacity of antioxidant than that of 50 mM SNP”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
Claim · model-written summary
cPTIO maintained antioxidant enzyme activity and capacity and reduced pericarp browning.
- Taxon
- longanDimocarpus longant0
- Treatment
- cPTIO-treatede0
- Outcome
- pericarp browninge0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the cPTIO-treated fruit exhibited opposite results by maintaining antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant capacity, corresponding to the reduction in pericarp browning”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
Claim · model-written summary
500 μM cPTIO increased antioxidant activity and capacity more efficiently than 100 μM SNP.
- Taxon
- longanDimocarpus longant0
- Treatment
- 500 μM of cPTIOe0
- Outcome
- activity and capacity of antioxidante0
- Direction
- more efficient in increasede0
- Comparator
- 100 μM SNPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with 500 μM of cPTIO was more efficient in increased the activity and capacity of antioxidant than that of 100 μM SNP”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nitric oxide reduced antioxidant potential and increased browning.
- Taxon
- longanDimocarpus longane0
- Treatment
- excessive NOe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant potentiale0
- Direction
- reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposure to excessive NO resulted in the reduction in antioxidant potential and the increment of pericarp browning of harvested longan fruit”
t0“longan fruit”
e1“after SNP treatment for 7 d but were increased by 2.4-109.6%, 3.8-153.8%, 6.3-47.1% and 31.9-156.5%, respectively, after treatment with cPTIO”
The same questions in other papers
sodium nitroprusside · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Dimocarpus longan (longan)Results differ
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
sodium nitroprusside · molecular: metabolites · Dimocarpus longan (longan)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.