Abstract
The conversion of chicken feathers, generated annually worldwide on a large scale as a by-product of the poultry industry into value-added products, has economic and environmental benefits. Protein hydrolysate produced from feathers has attracted significant attention in agriculture as a potential plant growth stimulant. Therefore, a study was established with the aim to produce and characterize chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) and investigate the effects of this product on the early growth of nursery tea plants. Alkaline hydrolysis was used to produce CFPH with the yield of 165 mg amino acids per gram of feathers. Then, the produced CFPH was applied on nursery tea plants as a soil drench at different doses (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 g L−1) in 2-week intervals until the 10th application. Commercially available fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) was included as a treatment to compare the effects with CFPH. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replications. CFPH and FPH significantly improved the shoot and root growth parameters. Plant height (+98%), leaf number (+61%), shoot dry biomass (+128%), root length (+94%), root surface area (+15%), and root dry biomass (+152%) were significantly increased by the application of CFPH (2 g L−1 dose) compared to control. Although the highest CFPH dosage (4 g L−1) showed a reduction in growth parameters, the values obtained were similar or higher than the untreated control plants. The chlorophyll content (a, b, and total) was enhanced by the CFPH dosage of 1 g L−1, whereas the highest photosynthetic rate was recorded in the CFPH 3 g L−1 treatment. The application of protein hydrolysates (PH) did not positively influence stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration. Leaf nitrogen, phosphorous, manganese, and copper were positively affected by the CFPH application. The effect of CFPH on growth parameters was more pronounced than FPH. Our findings reveal that CFPH produced by alkaline hydrolysis could be used as a growth booster in raising vigorous tea nursery plants, which are most suitable for field planting and subsequently higher yields.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Chicken feather hydrolysate yield was 165 mg amino acids per gram of feathers.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Alkaline hydrolysis was used to produce CFPH with the yield of 165 mg amino acids per gram of feathers”
Claim · model-written summary
CFPH significantly improved shoot and root growth parameters.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“CFPH and FPH significantly improved the shoot and root growth parameters”
t0“Tea”
Claim · model-written summary
FPH significantly improved shoot and root growth parameters.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“CFPH and FPH significantly improved the shoot and root growth parameters”
t0“Tea”
Claim · model-written summary
CFPH at 2 g L−1 increased plant height by 98% versus control.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height (+98%), leaf number (+61%), shoot dry biomass (+128%), root length (+94%), root surface area (+15%), and root dry biomass (+152%) were significantly increased by the application of CFPH (2 g L−1 dose) compared to control”
t0“Tea”
Claim · model-written summary
CFPH at 2 g L−1 increased leaf number by 61% versus control.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height (+98%), leaf number (+61%), shoot dry biomass (+128%), root length (+94%), root surface area (+15%), and root dry biomass (+152%) were significantly increased by the application of CFPH (2 g L−1 dose) compared to control”
t0“Tea”
Claim · model-written summary
CFPH at 2 g L−1 increased shoot dry biomass by 128% versus control.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height (+98%), leaf number (+61%), shoot dry biomass (+128%), root length (+94%), root surface area (+15%), and root dry biomass (+152%) were significantly increased by the application of CFPH (2 g L−1 dose) compared to control”
t0“Tea”
Claim · model-written summary
CFPH at 2 g L−1 increased root length by 94% versus control.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height (+98%), leaf number (+61%), shoot dry biomass (+128%), root length (+94%), root surface area (+15%), and root dry biomass (+152%) were significantly increased by the application of CFPH (2 g L−1 dose) compared to control”
t0“Tea”
Claim · model-written summary
CFPH at 2 g L−1 increased root surface area by 15% versus control.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height (+98%), leaf number (+61%), shoot dry biomass (+128%), root length (+94%), root surface area (+15%), and root dry biomass (+152%) were significantly increased by the application of CFPH (2 g L−1 dose) compared to control”
t0“Tea”
Claim · model-written summary
CFPH at 2 g L−1 increased root dry biomass by 152% versus control.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height (+98%), leaf number (+61%), shoot dry biomass (+128%), root length (+94%), root surface area (+15%), and root dry biomass (+152%) were significantly increased by the application of CFPH (2 g L−1 dose) compared to control”
t0“Tea”
Claim · model-written summary
The 4 g L−1 CFPH dose reduced growth parameters, though values remained at least similar to untreated control.
Verbatim
e0“the highest CFPH dosage (4 g L−1) showed a reduction in growth parameters, the values obtained were similar or higher than the untreated control plants”
t0“Tea”
Claim · model-written summary
CFPH at 1 g L−1 enhanced chlorophyll a, b, and total content.
- Taxon
- Teat0
- Treatment
- CFPH dosage of 1 g L−1e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content (a, b, and total)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The chlorophyll content (a, b, and total) was enhanced by the CFPH dosage of 1 g L−1”
t0“Tea”
Claim · model-written summary
CFPH at 3 g L−1 produced the highest photosynthetic rate.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the highest photosynthetic rate was recorded in the CFPH 3 g L−1 treatment”
t0“Tea”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein hydrolysates did not positively affect stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- Teat0
- Treatment
- protein hydrolysates (PH)e0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- did not positively influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The application of protein hydrolysates (PH) did not positively influence stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration”
t0“Tea”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein hydrolysates did not positively affect intercellular CO2 concentration.
- Taxon
- Teat0
- Treatment
- protein hydrolysates (PH)e0
- Outcome
- intercellular CO2 concentratione0
- Direction
- did not positively influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The application of protein hydrolysates (PH) did not positively influence stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration”
t0“Tea”
Claim · model-written summary
CFPH positively affected leaf nitrogen, phosphorous, manganese, and copper.
- Taxon
- Teat0
- Treatment
- CFPH applicatione0
- Outcome
- Leaf nitrogen, phosphorous, manganese, and coppere0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Leaf nitrogen, phosphorous, manganese, and copper were positively affected by the CFPH application”
t0“Tea”
Claim · model-written summary
CFPH affected growth parameters more strongly than FPH.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of CFPH on growth parameters was more pronounced than FPH”
t0“Tea”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest CFPH as a growth booster for tea nursery plants.
Verbatim
e0“CFPH produced by alkaline hydrolysis could be used as a growth booster in raising vigorous tea nursery plants”
The same questions in other papers
ph · physiology: gas exchange · Camellia sinensis (black tea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.