Abstract
The present study investigated the role of salicylic acid (SA) in regulating morpho-anatomical adaptive responses of a wheat plant to waterlogging. Our pharmacological study showed that treatment of waterlogged wheat plants with exogenous SA promotes the formation axile roots and surface adventitious roots that originate from basal stem nodes, but inhibits their elongation, leading to the formation of a shallow root system. The treatment also enhanced axile root formation in non-waterlogged plants but with only slight reductions in their length and branch root formation. Exogenous SA enhanced the formation of root aerenchyma, a key anatomical adaptive response of plants to waterlogging. Consistent with these results, waterlogging enhanced SA content in the root via expression of specific isochorismate synthase (ICS; ICS1 and ICS2) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; PAL4, PAL5 and PAL6) genes and in the stem nodes via expression of specific PAL (PAL5 and PAL6) genes. Although not to the same level observed in waterlogged plants, exogenous SA also induced aerenchyma formation in non-waterlogged plants. The findings of this study furthermore indicated that inhibition of ethylene synthesis in SA treated non-waterlogged and waterlogged plants does not have any effect on SA-induced emergence of axile and/or surface adventitious roots but represses SA-mediated induction of aerenchyma formation. These results highlight that the role of SA in promoting the development of axile and surface adventitious roots in waterlogged wheat plants is ethylene independent while the induction of aerenchyma formation by SA requires the presence of ethylene.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
SA promoted axile and surface adventitious root formation in waterlogged wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- exogenous SAe0
- Outcome
- formation axile roots and surface adventitious rootse0
- Direction
- promotese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment of waterlogged wheat plants with exogenous SA promotes the formation axile roots and surface adventitious roots”
Claim · model-written summary
SA inhibited root elongation in waterlogged wheat, forming a shallow root system.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salicylic Acidt0
- Outcome
- elongatione0
- Direction
- inhibitse0
- Qualifier
- shallow root systeme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but inhibits their elongation, leading to the formation of a shallow root system.”
t0“Salicylic Acid Enhances Adventitious Root and Aerenchyma Formation in Wheat under Waterlogged Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
SA enhanced axile root formation in non-waterlogged wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salicylic Acidt0
- Outcome
- axile root formatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- non-waterlogged plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment also enhanced axile root formation in non-waterlogged plants”
t0“Salicylic Acid Enhances Adventitious Root and Aerenchyma Formation in Wheat under Waterlogged Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
SA slightly reduced root length and branch root formation in non-waterlogged wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salicylic Acidt0
- Outcome
- length and branch root formatione0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with only slight reductions in their length and branch root formation.”
t0“Salicylic Acid Enhances Adventitious Root and Aerenchyma Formation in Wheat under Waterlogged Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous SA enhanced root aerenchyma formation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenous SAe0
- Outcome
- formation of root aerenchymae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous SA enhanced the formation of root aerenchyma”
t0“Salicylic Acid Enhances Adventitious Root and Aerenchyma Formation in Wheat under Waterlogged Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging enhanced root SA content through ICS and PAL gene expression.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- ICS1 and ICS2e0
- Outcome
- SA content in the roote0
- Qualifier
- via expressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterlogging enhanced SA content in the root via expression of specific isochorismate synthase (ICS; ICS1 and ICS2) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; PAL4, PAL5 and PAL6) genes”
t0“Salicylic Acid Enhances Adventitious Root and Aerenchyma Formation in Wheat under Waterlogged Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging enhanced stem-node SA content through PAL5 and PAL6 expression.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- PAL5 and PAL6e0
- Outcome
- stem nodese0
- Qualifier
- via expressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and in the stem nodes via expression of specific PAL (PAL5 and PAL6) genes.”
t0“Salicylic Acid Enhances Adventitious Root and Aerenchyma Formation in Wheat under Waterlogged Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
SA induced aerenchyma formation in non-waterlogged plants below the waterlogged level.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous SAe0
- Outcome
- aerenchyma formatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Comparator
- waterlogged plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although not to the same level observed in waterlogged plants, exogenous SA also induced aerenchyma formation in non-waterlogged plants.”
t0“Salicylic Acid Enhances Adventitious Root and Aerenchyma Formation in Wheat under Waterlogged Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene synthesis inhibition did not affect SA-induced adventitious root emergence.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- inhibition of ethylene synthesise0
- Outcome
- SA-induced emergence of axile and/or surface adventitious rootse0
- Direction
- does not have any effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inhibition of ethylene synthesis in SA treated non-waterlogged and waterlogged plants does not have any effect on SA-induced emergence of axile and/or surface adventitious roots”
t0“Salicylic Acid Enhances Adventitious Root and Aerenchyma Formation in Wheat under Waterlogged Conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene synthesis inhibition repressed SA-mediated aerenchyma induction.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- inhibition of ethylene synthesise0
- Outcome
- SA-mediated induction of aerenchyma formatione0
- Direction
- repressese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inhibition of ethylene synthesis in SA treated non-waterlogged and waterlogged plants does not have any effect on SA-induced emergence of axile and/or surface adventitious roots but represses SA-mediated induction of aerenchyma formation.”
t0“Salicylic Acid Enhances Adventitious Root and Aerenchyma Formation in Wheat under Waterlogged Conditions”
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