Abstract
Experiments were carried out to clarify the influ-ences of the forms of nitrogen supplied with vary-ing concentrations on the growth, yields and chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass. In the first experiment, mixed nitrates (KNO3: Ca (NO3)2, ; Mg(NO3)2=5:5:4), NaNO3, NH2NO3, (NH4)2SO4 and (NH2)2 CO were used as nitrogen sources and nitrogen concentrations supplied were 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 120 m. e. for each nitrogen source, respectively. In the second experiment, nitrogen sources were NaNO3, NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4, and nitrogen concentrations supplied were 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 120m. e. All known nutrients were provided for each treatment. Results of both experiments were summarized as follows. (1) In the mixed nitrates and NaNO3 treatments, leaves were light green and even-surfaced. On the contrary NH4NO3 plants produced deep green foliage, and with increased nitrogen concentration their leaves became darker green and uneven-surfaced. Further, in the later stage of growth, they developed symptoms similar to that of potassium deficiency. In the (NH4)2SO4 series, leaves were darker green at the lower concentrations, but at the higher concen-trations became dull to yellow green and developed injuries due to excessive ammoniacal nitrogen. Leaves of the (NH2)2CO plants were chlorotic. And leaf color was proportional to the chlorophyll contents in the leaves. (2) Among mixed nitrates, NaNO3 and NH4NO3 treatments, there was no great difference of their top growth up to 40m. e. (560ppm) nitrogen level. But beyond 40m. e., the decreasing of growth was most remarkable in the NH4NO3, and least in the mixed nitrates. The growth of plants supplied with (NH2)2CO, especially with (NH4)2SO4 were markedly inferior to the above 3 nitrogen forms at every concentration. And at higher concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 and of NH4NO2, the decreasing of fleshy root growth was more remarkable than other nitro-gen forms, and their fibrous roots were also injured. (3) Total nitrogen content of both leaves and roots increased with increment of nitrogen supplied, irrespective of nitrogen forms. And in the higher nitrogen concentrations supplied (beyond 40m. e.), increment of nitrogen content was remarkable for (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 treatments, but gradual for mixed nitrates and NaNO3. (NH2)2CO plants at lower concentrations contained less nitrogen than other nitrogen forms, but at higher concentrati-ons absorbed fairly much nitrogen. And generally NaNO3 plants accumulated much of nitrate nitro-gen, but (NH4)2SO4 plants contained only trace, and NH4NO3 was intermediate. As to ammonium nitrogen, the relation of (NH4)2S04>NH4NO3>NaNO3 was found, but accumulation of ammonium nitrogen was much less compared with nitrate nitrogen. (4) In the NH4NO3, especially in the (NH4)2SO4 treatment, phosphorus content of leaves was higher and increased with increment of ammoniacal nitrogen supplied. As to potassium, plants supplied with mix-ed nitrates or (NH2)2CO contained much. Plants supplied with NaNO3, NH4NO3 or (NH4)2SO4, had less potassium than the above 2 nitrogen forms, and potassium content decreased against increased Na or NH4 supply
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed nitrates and NaNO3 gave light green, even-surfaced turnip leaves.
- Taxon
- turnip
.jpg?width=60)
Brassica rapa subsp. rapae0 - Treatment
- mixed nitrates and NaNO3e1
- Outcome
- light green and even-surfacede1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“In the mixed nitrates and NaNO3 treatments, leaves were light green and even-surfaced”
Claim · model-written summary
NH4NO3-supplied turnip plants produced deep green foliage.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- NH4NO3e1
- Outcome
- deep green foliagee1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“On the contrary NH4NO3 plants produced deep green foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
With increased nitrogen concentration, NH4NO3-supplied turnip leaves became darker green and uneven-surfaced.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- NH4NO3e1
- Outcome
- darker green and uneven-surfacede2
- Qualifier
- with increased nitrogen concentratione2
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“On the contrary NH4NO3 plants produced deep green foliage”
e2“with increased nitrogen concentration their leaves became darker green and uneven-surfaced”
Claim · model-written summary
NH4NO3-supplied turnip developed symptoms similar to potassium deficiency in the later stage of growth.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Organ / stage
- later stage of growthe2
- Treatment
- NH4NO3e1
- Outcome
- symptoms similar to that of potassium deficiencye2
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“On the contrary NH4NO3 plants produced deep green foliage”
e2“in the later stage of growth, they developed symptoms similar to that of potassium deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
In the (NH4)2SO4 series turnip leaves were darker green at lower concentrations.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- (NH4)2SO4e1
- Outcome
- darker greene1
- Qualifier
- at the lower concentrationse1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“In the (NH4)2SO4 series, leaves were darker green at the lower concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
At higher (NH4)2SO4 concentrations turnip leaves became dull to yellow green and developed injuries.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- (NH4)2SO4e1
- Outcome
- dull to yellow green and developed injuriese2
- Qualifier
- due to excessive ammoniacal nitrogene2
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“In the (NH4)2SO4 series, leaves were darker green at the lower concentrations”
e2“but at the higher concen-trations became dull to yellow green and developed injuries due to excessive ammoniacal nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
(NH2)2CO-supplied turnip leaves were chlorotic.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- (NH2)2COe1
- Outcome
- chlorotice1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“Leaves of the (NH2)2CO plants were chlorotic”
Claim · model-written summary
Turnip leaf colour was proportional to leaf chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Compound
- chlorophylle1
- Outcome
- leaf colore1
- Direction
- proportionale1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“And leaf color was proportional to the chlorophyll contents in the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Up to 40 m.e. nitrogen, top growth did not differ greatly among mixed nitrates, NaNO3 and NH4NO3.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- NaNO3 and NH4NO3e1
- Outcome
- top growthe1
- Direction
- no great differencee1
- Qualifier
- up to 40m. e. (560ppm) nitrogen levele1
- Comparator
- mixed nitratese1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“Among mixed nitrates, NaNO3 and NH4NO3 treatments, there was no great difference of their top growth up to 40m. e. (560ppm) nitrogen level”
Claim · model-written summary
Beyond 40 m.e. nitrogen, the decrease in growth was largest for NH4NO3 and smallest for mixed nitrates.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- NH4NO3e1
- Outcome
- decreasing of growthe1
- Direction
- most remarkablee1
- Qualifier
- beyond 40m. e.e1
- Comparator
- mixed nitratese1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“But beyond 40m. e., the decreasing of growth was most remarkable in the NH4NO3, and least in the mixed nitrates”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth of plants supplied (NH2)2CO or (NH4)2SO4 was markedly inferior to the three other nitrogen forms at every concentration.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- (NH2)2CO, especially with (NH4)2SO4e1
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- markedly inferiore1
- Qualifier
- at every concentratione1
- Comparator
- the above 3 nitrogen formse1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“The growth of plants supplied with (NH2)2CO, especially with (NH4)2SO4 were markedly inferior to the above 3 nitrogen forms at every concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
At higher concentrations, (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO2 most reduced fleshy root growth and injured fibrous roots.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- (NH4)2SO4 and of NH4NO2e1
- Outcome
- decreasing of fleshy root growthe1
- Direction
- more remarkablee1
- Qualifier
- their fibrous roots were also injurede2
- Comparator
- other nitro-gen formse1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“And at higher concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 and of NH4NO2, the decreasing of fleshy root growth was more remarkable than other nitro-gen forms”
e2“and their fibrous roots were also injured”
Claim · model-written summary
At lower concentrations (NH2)2CO plants contained less nitrogen than other forms, but at higher concentrations absorbed fairly much nitrogen.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- (NH2)2COe1
- Outcome
- nitrogene1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Qualifier
- absorbed fairly much nitrogene2
- Comparator
- other nitrogen formse1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“(NH2)2CO plants at lower concentrations contained less nitrogen than other nitrogen forms”
e2“absorbed fairly much nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Total nitrogen content of leaves and roots increased with nitrogen supplied, irrespective of nitrogen form.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse1
- Treatment
- increment of nitrogen suppliede1
- Outcome
- Total nitrogen contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- irrespective of nitrogen formse1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“Total nitrogen content of both leaves and roots increased with increment of nitrogen supplied, irrespective of nitrogen forms”
Claim · model-written summary
At higher nitrogen concentrations, nitrogen content rose markedly under (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3e1
- Outcome
- increment of nitrogen contente1
- Direction
- remarkablee1
- Qualifier
- in the higher nitrogen concentrations supplied (beyond 40m. e.)e1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“in the higher nitrogen concentrations supplied (beyond 40m. e.), increment of nitrogen content was remarkable for (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
At higher nitrogen concentrations, nitrogen content rose only gradually under mixed nitrates and NaNO3.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- mixed nitrates and NaNO3e2
- Outcome
- increment of nitrogen contente1
- Direction
- graduale2
- Qualifier
- in the higher nitrogen concentrations supplied (beyond 40m. e.)e1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“in the higher nitrogen concentrations supplied (beyond 40m. e.), increment of nitrogen content was remarkable for (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 treatments”
e2“but gradual for mixed nitrates and NaNO3”
Claim · model-written summary
NaNO3-supplied turnip accumulated much more nitrate than (NH4)2SO4-supplied plants, which contained only trace amounts; NH4NO3 was intermediate.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- NaNO3e1
- Outcome
- accumulated much of nitratee1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Qualifier
- contained only trace, and NH4NO3 was intermediatee2
- Comparator
- (NH4)2SO4e2
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“And generally NaNO3 plants accumulated much of nitrate”
e2“(NH4)2SO4 plants contained only trace, and NH4NO3 was intermediate”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nitrogen was highest in (NH4)2SO4, then NH4NO3, then NaNO3.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- (NH4)2S04e1
- Outcome
- ammonium nitrogene1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“As to ammonium nitrogen, the relation of (NH4)2S04>NH4NO3>NaNO3 was found”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf phosphorus content was higher under NH4NO3, especially (NH4)2SO4, and increased with ammoniacal nitrogen supply.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- NH4NO3e1
- Outcome
- phosphorus content of leavese1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- increased with increment of ammoniacal nitrogen suppliede1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“In the NH4NO3, especially in the (NH4)2SO4 treatment, phosphorus content of leaves was higher and increased with increment of ammoniacal nitrogen supplied”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf potassium content decreased as Na or NH4 supply increased; NaNO3, NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4 gave less potassium than the mixed nitrate and (NH2)2CO forms.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- increased Na or NH4 supplye2
- Outcome
- potassium contente2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Qualifier
- had less potassium than the above 2 nitrogen formse1
- Setting
- sand culture under glasse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass”
e1“had less potassium than the above 2 nitrogen forms”
e2“potassium content decreased against increased Na or NH4 supply”
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