Abstract
1. A partial review of literature dealing with the effect of temperature on the growth and chemical composition of forage and the other crops is presented. 2. Corn, oats and red clover were grown in glasshouses and the effect of different temperature treatments on their growth and chemical composition was determined. The temperatures used in this experiment were extraordinarily higher than those in the field conditions. 3. A high temperature fastened the appearance of leaf on the main stalk of corn and leaf on the main culm of oats, tasseling of corn and heading of oats. The height of corn and oats was taller in the high temperature plot than in the low temperature one. The flowering time of red clover was fastened in the high temperature plot, while the growth type was shorter in the high temperature plot than in the low temperature one. 4. The percentage of each internode length to total internode length of corn was higher in the high temperature plot than in the low temperature one from 4th to 7th internode, whereas in the internodes above 7th internode reverse relation was shown. 5. The percentage of clinging portion of corn and oats leaf grown under the high temperature condition was larger than that grown under the low temperature one. 6. It seems that the extraordinarily high temperature interfered with smooth emergence of oats head. The blade length of corn and oats was larger in the high temperature plot than in the low temperature one, while the blade width was larger in the latter than in the former. 7. In this experiment, average green and air dry weights of each organ of corn and red clover produced in the high temperature plot were much less than those produced in the low temperature one, whereas there was the reverse relation in oats. 8. Lower leaf of corn was higher in the crude protein content than upper one. This trend was more pronounced in the high temperature plot than in the low temperature one. Each organ of three crops grown under the high temperature condition was higher in the crude protein content than those grown under the low temperature one with the exception of red clover stem. 9. The crude fiber content of leaf and stalk of corn and head of oats grown under the high temperature condition was higher than those grown under the low temperature one. 10. Each organ of oats and red clover did not show difference in the crude fiber content between the two plots. 11. The ether extract content of corn stalk and tassel and all organs of oat was higher in the high temperature plot than in the low one. 12. The nitrogen-free extract content of corn leaf, all organs of oats and red clover was higher in the low temperature plot than in the high temperature one. 11. The stalk and tassel of corn and all orga ns of oats and red clover grown under the high temperature condition were higher in the crude ash content than those grown under the low tempera ture one. 14. The lignin content of corn stalk and leaf and red clover stem was higher in the high temperature plot than in the low one. 15. The leaf and stalk of corn, leaf and main culm of oats and red clover leaf and stem grown under the low temperature condition were higher in the reducing sugar, sucrose and crude starch than those grown under the high temperature condition.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature hastened corn leaf appearance and tasseling.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- appearance of leaf on the main stalk of corne0
- Direction
- fastenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A high temperature fastened the appearance of leaf on the main stalk of corn and leaf on the main culm of oats, tasseling of corn and heading of oats.”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature hastened oat leaf appearance and heading.
- Taxon
- oats
Avena sativae0 - Treatment
- high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- leaf on the main culm of oatse0
- Direction
- fastenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A high temperature fastened the appearance of leaf on the main stalk of corn and leaf on the main culm of oats, tasseling of corn and heading of oats.”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn and oat height was greater in the high temperature plot.
- Taxon
- corn and oatsAvena sativaZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- high temperature plote0
- Outcome
- height of corn and oatse0
- Direction
- tallere0
- Comparator
- low temperature onee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The height of corn and oats was taller in the high temperature plot than in the low temperature one.”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature hastened red clover flowering.
- Taxon
- red clover
Trifolium pratensee0 - Treatment
- high temperature plote0
- Outcome
- flowering timee0
- Direction
- fastenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The flowering time of red clover was fastened in the high temperature plot”
Claim · model-written summary
Red clover growth type was shorter at high temperature.
- Treatment
- high temperature plote0
- Outcome
- growth typee0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Comparator
- low temperature onee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the growth type was shorter in the high temperature plot than in the low temperature one.”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn internode length share was higher for internodes four through seven at high temperature.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- high temperature plote0
- Outcome
- percentage of each internode length to total internode lengthe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- from 4th to 7th internodee0
- Comparator
- low temperature onee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The percentage of each internode length to total internode length of corn was higher in the high temperature plot than in the low temperature one from 4th to 7th internode”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn internode length share above the seventh internode showed the reverse pattern.
- Outcome
- internodes above 7th internodee0
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“whereas in the internodes above 7th internode reverse relation was shown.”
Claim · model-written summary
The leaf clinging portion of corn and oats was larger at high temperature.
- Taxon
- corn and oatsAvena sativaZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- high temperature conditione0
- Outcome
- percentage of clinging portione0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- low temperature onee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The percentage of clinging portion of corn and oats leaf grown under the high temperature condition was larger than that grown under the low temperature one.”
Claim · model-written summary
Very high temperature appeared to impede oat head emergence.
- Taxon
- oatsAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- extraordinarily high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- smooth emergence of oats heade0
- Direction
- interferede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It seems that the extraordinarily high temperature interfered with smooth emergence of oats head.”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn and oat blades were longer but narrower at high temperature.
- Taxon
- corn and oatsAvena sativaZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- high temperature plote0
- Outcome
- blade length of corn and oatse0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- low temperature onee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The blade length of corn and oats was larger in the high temperature plot than in the low temperature one, while the blade width was larger in the latter than in the former.”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn and red clover green and air dry organ weights were lower at high temperature.
- Taxon
- corn and red cloverTrifolium pratenseZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- high temperature plote0
- Outcome
- average green and air dry weightse0
- Direction
- much lesse0
- Comparator
- low temperature onee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average green and air dry weights of each organ of corn and red clover produced in the high temperature plot were much less than those produced in the low temperature one”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat green and air dry organ weights showed the reverse temperature response.
- Taxon
- oatsAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- reverse relatione0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas there was the reverse relation in oats.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower corn leaves had more crude protein than upper leaves, especially at high temperature.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Organ / stage
- Lower leafe0
- Outcome
- crude protein contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower leaf of corn was higher in the crude protein content than upper one. This trend was more pronounced in the high temperature plot than in the low temperature one.”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature raised crude protein in organs of all three crops except red clover stems.
- Treatment
- high temperature conditione0
- Outcome
- crude protein contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- with the exception of red clover steme0
- Comparator
- low temperature onee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Each organ of three crops grown under the high temperature condition was higher in the crude protein content than those grown under the low temperature one with the exception of red clover stem.”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature raised crude fiber in corn leaf and stalk and oat head.
Verbatim
e0“The crude fiber content of leaf and stalk of corn and head of oats grown under the high temperature condition was higher than those grown under the low temperature one.”
Claim · model-written summary
Crude fiber did not differ between temperature plots in oat and red clover organs.
- Taxon
- oats and red cloverAvena sativaTrifolium pratensee0
- Treatment
- two plotse0
- Outcome
- crude fiber contente0
- Direction
- did not show differencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Each organ of oats and red clover did not show difference in the crude fiber content between the two plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased ether extract in corn stalk and tassel and all oat organs.
Verbatim
e0“The ether extract content of corn stalk and tassel and all organs of oat was higher in the high temperature plot than in the low one.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature increased nitrogen-free extract in corn leaves and all oat and red clover organs.
Verbatim
e0“The nitrogen-free extract content of corn leaf, all organs of oats and red clover was higher in the low temperature plot than in the high temperature one.”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased ash in corn stalk and tassel and oat and clover organs, and lignin in corn leaf and stalk and clover stem.
Verbatim
e0“The lignin content of corn stalk and leaf and red clover stem was higher in the high temperature plot than in the low one.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature increased reducing sugar, sucrose and crude starch in corn, oat and red clover organs.
Verbatim
e0“The leaf and stalk of corn, leaf and main culm of oats and red clover leaf and stem grown under the low temperature condition were higher in the reducing sugar, sucrose and crude starch than those grown under the high temperature condition.”
The same questions in other papers
heat · growth · Avena sativa (oats)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.