Abstract
Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), known as western corn rootworm (WCR), is an important pest for maize crops from Romania, after corn borer larvae. Fourteen years ago, this pest has entered in our country. Since its introduction Diabrotica v. has been spreading in western part of Romania and many investigations were started by us to understand very well the morphology, eco-biology and control of the species. First occureance and activity period. The immature developmental stages of WCR (larvae, pupae, eggs) have been observed for the first time in Romania, in soil sample during 2000-2002. Adults’ activity developed from during June to September.The males have appeared earlier than females with approximate 4-6 days. The females have begun to lay eggs in middle of July. In soil, the larvae were observed from May to August and pupae were observed from June until August, too. Colour variability. In monitoring activities, the most of specialists use the color criterion for establishing males and females. However, this is not so precise method, because the great variability of color what is frequently in many populations. Therefore, we tried to eliminate any doubt regarding sex ratio. Influence of weather and geographical areas. Based on our data during 2003-2005, we can emphasize a very serious influence of air temperature and rainfall on WCR flight dynamics in adults. Regarding the altitude, we observed a decreasing number of WCR adults at once the altitude increase. Control strategies. In preventive control avoiding monoculture play a main role, because the larvae survived only maize roots. Some researches realized in western part pointed efficacy of seed treatments (using imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiametoxam) against larval populations. Very important is using a chemical product (thiametoxam) against adults (like an additionally product). From an-polluting method may mention follows: pheromone traps, color traps, autochthonous natural enemies. The spider species Argiope bruennichi (Araneae:Araneidae) and Theridion impressum (Araneae:Theriidae) are able to diminish significantly population of adults, especially in appearance of maize silk.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Immature WCR stages were first observed in Romanian soil samples during 2000–2002.
- Interactor
- WCRe0pest
- Outcome
- immature developmental stages of WCR (larvae, pupae, eggs)e0
- Setting
- Romaniae0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The immature developmental stages of WCR (larvae, pupae, eggs) have been observed for the first time in Romania, in soil sample during 2000-2002.”
t0“Western Corn Rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera Le Conte – Several Years of Research in Western Part of Romania”
e1“maize crops from Romania”
Claim · model-written summary
Adults were active from June to September.
- Interactor
- Western Corn Rootworm (WCR)
Diabrotica virgifera virgiferat0pest - Outcome
- Adults’ activitye0
- Qualifier
- June to Septembere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adults’ activity developed from during June to September.”
t0“Western Corn Rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera Le Conte – Several Years of Research in Western Part of Romania”
e1“maize crops from Romania”
Claim · model-written summary
Males appeared approximately four to six days before females.
- Interactor
- Western Corn Rootworm (WCR)Diabrotica virgifera virgiferat0pest
- Outcome
- males have appearede0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Value
- 4-6 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The males have appeared earlier than females with approximate 4-6 days.”
t0“Western Corn Rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera Le Conte – Several Years of Research in Western Part of Romania”
e1“maize crops from Romania”
Claim · model-written summary
Females began egg laying in mid-July.
- Interactor
- Western Corn Rootworm (WCR)Diabrotica virgifera virgiferat0pest
- Outcome
- begun to lay eggse0
- Qualifier
- middle of Julye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The females have begun to lay eggs in middle of July.”
t0“Western Corn Rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera Le Conte – Several Years of Research in Western Part of Romania”
e1“maize crops from Romania”
Claim · model-written summary
Larvae occurred May through August and pupae June through August.
- Interactor
- Western Corn Rootworm (WCR)Diabrotica virgifera virgiferat0pest
- Outcome
- larvae were observed from May to August and pupae were observed from June until Auguste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soil, the larvae were observed from May to August and pupae were observed from June until August, too.”
t0“Western Corn Rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera Le Conte – Several Years of Research in Western Part of Romania”
e1“maize crops from Romania”
Claim · model-written summary
WCR color variability made color an imprecise sex criterion.
- Interactor
- Western Corn Rootworm (WCR)Diabrotica virgifera virgiferat0pest
- Outcome
- not so precise methode0
- Comparator
- color criterione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, this is not so precise method, because the great variability of color what is frequently in many populations.”
t0“Western Corn Rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera Le Conte – Several Years of Research in Western Part of Romania”
e1“maize crops from Romania”
e2“color criterion”
Claim · model-written summary
Air temperature and rainfall influenced adult WCR flight dynamics.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Based on our data during 2003-2005, we can emphasize a very serious influence of air temperature and rainfall on WCR flight dynamics in adults.”
t0“Western Corn Rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera Le Conte – Several Years of Research in Western Part of Romania”
e1“maize crops from Romania”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult WCR numbers declined with altitude.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regarding the altitude, we observed a decreasing number of WCR adults at once the altitude increase.”
t0“Western Corn Rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera Le Conte – Several Years of Research in Western Part of Romania”
e1“maize crops from Romania”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatments with imidacloprid, clothianidin or thiametoxam were reported effective against larvae.
- Treatment
- seed treatments (using imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiametoxam)e0
- Interactor
- WCRt0pest
- Outcome
- larval populationse0
- Direction
- efficacye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some researches realized in western part pointed efficacy of seed treatments (using imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiametoxam) against larval populations.”
t0“Western Corn Rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera Le Conte – Several Years of Research in Western Part of Romania”
e1“maize crops from Romania”
Claim · model-written summary
Argiope bruennichi significantly reduced adult rootworm populations.
- Treatment
- Argiope bruennichie0
- Interactor
- WCRt0pest
- Second interactor
- Argiope bruennichi
_Argiope_bruennichi_female_dorsal.jpg?width=60)
Argiope bruennichie0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- population of adultse0
- Direction
- diminishe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Argiope_bruennichi_female_dorsal.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The spider species Argiope bruennichi (Araneae:Araneidae) and Theridion impressum (Araneae:Theriidae) are able to diminish significantly population of adults, especially in appearance of maize silk.”
t0“Western Corn Rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera Le Conte – Several Years of Research in Western Part of Romania”
e1“maize crops from Romania”
Claim · model-written summary
Theridion impressum significantly reduced adult rootworm populations.
- Treatment
- Theridion impressume0
- Interactor
- WCRt0pest
- Second interactor
- Theridion impressum
_Phylloneta_impressa_in_his_nest.jpg?width=60)
Phylloneta impressae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- population of adultse0
- Direction
- diminishe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Phylloneta_impressa_in_his_nest.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The spider species Argiope bruennichi (Araneae:Araneidae) and Theridion impressum (Araneae:Theriidae) are able to diminish significantly population of adults, especially in appearance of maize silk.”
t0“Western Corn Rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera Le Conte – Several Years of Research in Western Part of Romania”
e1“maize crops from Romania”
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