Abstract
The nematicidal and fungicidal effect of plant materials of two Iranian native plant species, Ferulago angulata and Zataria multiflora was evaluated. The interrelationship between M. javanica and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in susceptible local tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, was studied and their management by plant materials was evaluated in glasshouse conditions. The effects of different parts of these two medicinal plants, on growth-related parameters, the chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and gas-exchange parameters of tomato were also determined. Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect of tested plant extracts on all tested parameters. On the basis of these tests, in Meloidogyne infected plants, leaf powder of F. angulata at the rate of 0.4 percent was most effective on tomato growth parameters, whereas in case of plants infected with both pathogens, stem powder of F. angulata at the same rate was the best treatment. Data showed that chlorophyll a, b and total, were significantly increased by treating the Meloidogyne infected plants as well as the plants infected with both pathogens, with leaf powder of Z. multiflora at the rate of 0.2 percent. In this treatment, the amount of chlorophyll was considerably more than the uninoculated control plants. In case of intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration (E), photosynthesis rate (A), stomata conductance (Gs) and water use efficiency (WUE), the best treatments were leaf extract of Z. multiflora (0.4%), leaf powder of Z. multiflora (0.2%), leaf powder of Z. multiflora (0.4%), leaf extract of Z. multiflora (0.2%) and leaf extract of F. angulata (0.5%), respectively. The findings from this study suggest that the performance of L. esculentum can be improved by soil application of these plant materials. The results for the test of effects of different parts of plants on gall formation and reproduction rate of M. javanica on tomato plants, inoculated with nematode alone or combination of nematode and F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, indicated a significant effect of plant materials on studied characters. On the basis of LSD test, stem powder of F. angulata at the rate of 0.4 percent was the most effective treatment in reducing the reproduction rate of the nematode, whereas the flower extract of this plant at the same rate significantly reduced the gall and egg-mass numbers.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Plant extracts significantly affected all tested tomato parameters.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- tested plant extractse0
- Outcome
- all tested parameterse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect of tested plant extracts on all tested parameters”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferulago leaf powder at 0.4 percent was best for growth of nematode-infected tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- leaf powder of F. angulata at the rate of 0.4 percente0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogynee0pest - Outcome
- tomato growth parameterse0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“in Meloidogyne infected plants, leaf powder of F. angulata at the rate of 0.4 percent was most effective on tomato growth parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferulago stem powder at the same rate was best for growth of tomato infected with both pathogens.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- stem powder of F. angulata at the same ratee0
- Outcome
- best treatmente0
- Direction
- best treatmente0
- Qualifier
- both pathogense0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in case of plants infected with both pathogens, stem powder of F. angulata at the same rate was the best treatment”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Zataria leaf powder at 0.2 percent significantly increased chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll in infected tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- leaf powder of Z. multiflora at the rate of 0.2 percente0
- Interactor
- MeloidogyneMeloidogynee0pest
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, b and totale0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll a, b and total, were significantly increased by treating the Meloidogyne infected plants as well as the plants infected with both pathogens, with leaf powder of Z. multiflora at the rate of 0.2 percent”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll under that treatment exceeded uninoculated control plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- leaf powder of Z. multiflora at the rate of 0.2 percente1
- Outcome
- amount of chlorophylle0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- uninoculated control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the amount of chlorophyll was considerably more than the uninoculated control plants”
e1“chlorophyll a, b and total, were significantly increased by treating the Meloidogyne infected plants as well as the plants infected with both pathogens, with leaf powder of Z. multiflora at the rate of 0.2 percent”
t0“Effect of medicinal plant extracts on physiological changes in tomato, inoculated with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zataria leaf extract at 0.4% was best for intercellular CO2 concentration.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- leaf extract of Z. multiflora (0.4%)e0
- Outcome
- intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci)e0
- Direction
- best treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In case of intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration (E), photosynthesis rate (A), stomata conductance (Gs) and water use efficiency (WUE), the best treatments were leaf extract of Z. multiflora (0.4%), leaf powder of Z. multiflora (0.2%), leaf powder of Z. multiflora (0.4%), leaf extract of Z. multiflora (0.2%) and leaf extract of F. angulata (0.5%), respectively”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Zataria leaf powder at 0.2% was best for transpiration.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- leaf powder of Z. multiflora (0.2%)e0
- Outcome
- transpiration (E)e0
- Direction
- best treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In case of intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration (E), photosynthesis rate (A), stomata conductance (Gs) and water use efficiency (WUE), the best treatments were leaf extract of Z. multiflora (0.4%), leaf powder of Z. multiflora (0.2%), leaf powder of Z. multiflora (0.4%), leaf extract of Z. multiflora (0.2%) and leaf extract of F. angulata (0.5%), respectively”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Zataria leaf powder at 0.4% was best for photosynthesis rate.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- leaf powder of Z. multiflora (0.4%)e0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis rate (A)e0
- Direction
- best treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In case of intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration (E), photosynthesis rate (A), stomata conductance (Gs) and water use efficiency (WUE), the best treatments were leaf extract of Z. multiflora (0.4%), leaf powder of Z. multiflora (0.2%), leaf powder of Z. multiflora (0.4%), leaf extract of Z. multiflora (0.2%) and leaf extract of F. angulata (0.5%), respectively”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Zataria leaf extract at 0.2% was best for stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- leaf extract of Z. multiflora (0.2%)e0
- Outcome
- stomata conductance (Gs)e0
- Direction
- best treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In case of intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration (E), photosynthesis rate (A), stomata conductance (Gs) and water use efficiency (WUE), the best treatments were leaf extract of Z. multiflora (0.4%), leaf powder of Z. multiflora (0.2%), leaf powder of Z. multiflora (0.4%), leaf extract of Z. multiflora (0.2%) and leaf extract of F. angulata (0.5%), respectively”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferulago leaf extract at 0.5% was best for water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- leaf extract of F. angulata (0.5%)e0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- best treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In case of intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration (E), photosynthesis rate (A), stomata conductance (Gs) and water use efficiency (WUE), the best treatments were leaf extract of Z. multiflora (0.4%), leaf powder of Z. multiflora (0.2%), leaf powder of Z. multiflora (0.4%), leaf extract of Z. multiflora (0.2%) and leaf extract of F. angulata (0.5%), respectively”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggested soil application of these plant materials could improve tomato performance.
- Taxon
- L. esculentumSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- soil application of these plant materialse0
- Outcome
- performance of L. esculentume0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the performance of L. esculentum can be improved by soil application of these plant materials”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant materials significantly affected nematode gall formation and reproduction.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- plant materialse0
- Outcome
- gall formation and reproduction rate of M. javanicae1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indicated a significant effect of plant materials on studied characters”
e1“gall formation and reproduction rate of M. javanica on tomato plants”
t0“Effect of medicinal plant extracts on physiological changes in tomato, inoculated with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferulago stem powder at 0.4 percent most effectively reduced nematode reproduction.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- stem powder of F. angulata at the rate of 0.4 percente0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0peste0
- Outcome
- reproduction rate of the nematodee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem powder of F. angulata at the rate of 0.4 percent was the most effective treatment in reducing the reproduction rate of the nematode”
t0“Effect of medicinal plant extracts on physiological changes in tomato, inoculated with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferulago flower extract at the same rate significantly reduced gall and egg-mass numbers.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- flower extract of this plant at the same ratee0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0peste0
- Outcome
- gall and egg-mass numberse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the flower extract of this plant at the same rate significantly reduced the gall and egg-mass numbers”
t0“Effect of medicinal plant extracts on physiological changes in tomato, inoculated with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.”
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