Abstract
Previously, an efficient regeneration protocol was established and applied to regenerate plants from calli lines that could grow on eggplant leaf explants after a stepwise in vitro selection for tolerance to salt stress. Plants were regenerated from calli lines that could tolerate up to 120 mM NaCl. For further in vitro and in vivo evaluation, four plants with a higher number of leaves and longer roots were selected from the 32 plants tested in vitro. The aim of this study was to confirm the stability of salt tolerance in the progeny of these four mutants (‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’). After three years of in vivo culture, we evaluated the impact of NaCl stress on agronomic, physiological and biochemical parameters compared to the parental control (‘P’). The regenerated and control plants were assessed under in vitro and in vivo conditions and were subjected to 0, 40, 80 and 160 mM of NaCl. Our results show significant variation in salinity tolerance among regenerated and control plants, indicating the superiority of four regenerants (‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’) when compared to the parental line (‘P’). In vitro germination kinetics and young seedling growth divided the lines into a sensitive and a tolerant group. ‘P’ tolerate only moderate salt stress, up to 40 mM NaCl, while the tolerance level of ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ was up to 80 mM NaCl. The quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) declined significantly in ‘P’ under salt stress. The photochemical quenching was reduced while nonphotochemical quenching rose in ‘P’ under salt stress. Interestingly, the regenerants (‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’) exhibited high apparent salt tolerance by maintaining quite stable Chl fluorescence parameters. Rising NaCl concentration led to a substantial increase in foliar proline, malondialdehyde and soluble carbohydrates accumulation in ‘P’. On the contrary, ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ exhibited a decline in soluble carbohydrates and a significant enhancement in starch under salinity conditions. The water status reflected by midday leaf water potential (ψl) and leaf osmotic potential (ψπ) was significantly affected in ‘P’ and was maintained a stable level in ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ under salt stress. The increase in foliar Na+ and Cl− content was more accentuated in parental plants than in regenerated plants. The leaf K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content reduction was more aggravated under salt stress in ‘P’. Under increased salt concentration, ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ associate lower foliar Na+ content with a higher plant tolerance index (PTI), thus maintaining a normal growth, while foliar Na+ accumulation was more pronounced in ‘P’, revealing their failure in maintaining normal growth under salinity stress. ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ showed an obvious salt tolerance by maintaining significantly high chlorophyll content. In ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’, the enzyme scavenging machinery was more performant in the roots compared to the leaves. Salt stress led to a significant augmentation of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase activities in the roots of ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’. In contrast, enzyme activities were less enhanced in ‘P’, indicating lower efficiency to cope with oxidative stress than in ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’. ACC deaminase activity was significantly higher in ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ than in ‘P’. The present study suggests that regenerated plants ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ showed an evident stability in tolerating salinity, which shows their potential to be adopted as interesting selected mutants, providing the desired salt tolerance trait in eggplant.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Four regenerants tolerated NaCl up to 80 mM, while the parent tolerated up to 40 mM.
- Taxon
- Eggplant
Solanum melongenat0 - Outcome
- tolerance levele0
- Value
- up to 80 mM NaCle0
- Qualifier
- up to 40 mM NaCle0
- Comparator
- ‘P’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“‘P’ tolerate only moderate salt stress, up to 40 mM NaCl, while the tolerance level of ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ was up to 80 mM NaCl”
Claim · model-written summary
PSII quantum yield declined significantly in the parent under salt stress.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘P’e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII)e0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“The quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) declined significantly in ‘P’ under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Photochemical quenching fell in the parent under salt stress.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘P’e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- photochemical quenchinge0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“The photochemical quenching was reduced while nonphotochemical quenching rose in ‘P’ under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonphotochemical quenching rose in the parent under salt stress.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘P’e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- nonphotochemical quenchinge0
- Direction
- rosee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“The photochemical quenching was reduced while nonphotochemical quenching rose in ‘P’ under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Regenerants maintained stable chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under salt stress.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’e0
- Treatment
- salt tolerancee0
- Outcome
- Chl fluorescence parameterse0
- Direction
- stablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“the regenerants (‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’) exhibited high apparent salt tolerance by maintaining quite stable Chl fluorescence parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing NaCl raised foliar proline, malondialdehyde and soluble carbohydrates in the parent.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘P’e0
- Treatment
- Rising NaCl concentratione0
- Outcome
- foliar proline, malondialdehyde and soluble carbohydrates accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“Rising NaCl concentration led to a substantial increase in foliar proline, malondialdehyde and soluble carbohydrates accumulation in ‘P’”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble carbohydrates declined in regenerants under salinity.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’e0
- Treatment
- salinity conditionse0
- Outcome
- soluble carbohydratese0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ exhibited a decline in soluble carbohydrates and a significant enhancement in starch under salinity conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch increased significantly in regenerants under salinity.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’e0
- Treatment
- salinity conditionse0
- Outcome
- starche0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ exhibited a decline in soluble carbohydrates and a significant enhancement in starch under salinity conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf water and osmotic potential were significantly affected in the parent but stable in regenerants under salt stress.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- midday leaf water potential (ψl) and leaf osmotic potential (ψπ)e0
- Direction
- stablee0
- Comparator
- ‘P’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“The water status reflected by midday leaf water potential (ψl) and leaf osmotic potential (ψπ) was significantly affected in ‘P’ and was maintained a stable level in ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar sodium and chloride accumulation was greater in the parent than regenerants.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- parental plantse0
- Outcome
- foliar Na+ and Cl− contente0
- Direction
- more accentuatede0
- Comparator
- regenerated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“The increase in foliar Na+ and Cl− content was more accentuated in parental plants than in regenerated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf potassium, calcium and magnesium reductions under salt stress were greater in the parent.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘P’e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“The leaf K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content reduction was more aggravated under salt stress in ‘P’”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower foliar sodium in regenerants was associated with higher plant tolerance index and normal growth.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’e0
- Compound
- foliar Na+e0
- Outcome
- plant tolerance index (PTI)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ associate lower foliar Na+ content with a higher plant tolerance index (PTI), thus maintaining a normal growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The parent had greater foliar sodium accumulation and failed to maintain normal growth under salinity.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘P’e0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Compound
- foliar Na+e0
- Outcome
- normal growthe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“foliar Na+ accumulation was more pronounced in ‘P’, revealing their failure in maintaining normal growth under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Regenerants maintained significantly high chlorophyll content under salinity.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ showed an obvious salt tolerance by maintaining significantly high chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme machinery in regenerants performed better in roots than leaves.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’e0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- enzyme scavenging machinerye0
- Direction
- more performante0
- Comparator
- leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“In ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’, the enzyme scavenging machinery was more performant in the roots compared to the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly increased three peroxidase and catalase activities in regenerant roots.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’e0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase activitiese0
- Direction
- augmentatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“Salt stress led to a significant augmentation of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase activities in the roots of ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’”
Claim · model-written summary
Parent enzyme activities increased less than in regenerants.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘P’e0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- less enhancede0
- Comparator
- ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“enzyme activities were less enhanced in ‘P’, indicating lower efficiency to cope with oxidative stress than in ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC deaminase activity was significantly higher in regenerants than the parent.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Material
- ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’e0
- Outcome
- ACC deaminase activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- ‘P’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“ACC deaminase activity was significantly higher in ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ than in ‘P’”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider these stable salt-tolerant regenerants promising selected mutants for eggplant.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenae0
- Material
- ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’e0
- Outcome
- adopted as interesting selected mutantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“regenerated plants ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ showed an evident stability in tolerating salinity, which shows their potential to be adopted as interesting selected mutants, providing the desired salt tolerance trait in eggplant”
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