Paper · 2021 · Plants

Foliar Application of Nano, Chelated, and Conventional Iron Forms Enhanced Growth, Nutritional Status, Fruiting Aspects, and Fruit Quality of Washington Navel Orange Trees (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)

Sherif F. El-Gioushy; Zheli Ding; Asmaa M. E. Bahloul; et al.

Read at the source ↗doi:10.3390/plants10122577 ↗OpenAlex W3216639369 ↗In the paper network →

7
claims
13
verbatim quotes
43
citations
4
research areas
✓
Open access · cc-by

Abstract

Iron (Fe) is required for most metabolic processes, including DNA synthesis, respiration, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll biosynthesis; however, Fe deficiency is common in arid regions, necessitating additional research to determine the most efficient form of absorbance. Nano-fertilizers have characteristics that are not found in their traditional equivalents. This research was implemented on Washington navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) to investigate the effect of three iron forms—nano (Fe-NPs), sulfate (FeSO4), and chelated (Fe-chelated)—as a foliar spray on the growth, fruiting aspects, and nutritional status of these trees compared to control. The highest values of the tested parameters were reported when the highest Fe-NPs level and the highest Fe-chelated (EDTA) rate were used. Results obtained here showed that the spraying of the Washington navel orange trees grown under similar environmental conditions and horticulture practices adopted in the current experiment with Fe-NPs (nanoform) and/or Fe-chelated (EDTA) at 0.1% is a beneficial application for enhancing vegetative growth, flower set, tree nutritional status, and fruit production and quality. Application of Fe-NPs and Fe-chelated (EDTA, 0.1%) increased yield by 32.0% and 25% and total soluble solids (TSS) by 18.5% and 17.0%, respectively, compared with control. Spraying Washington navel orange trees with nano and chelated iron could be considered a significant way to improve vegetative growth, fruit production, quality, and nutritional status while also being environmentally preferred in the arid regions.

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 7

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar Fe-NPs increased Washington navel orange yield by 32.0% compared with control.

Taxon
Washington navel orange treese2
Treatment
Fe-NPse1
Outcome
yielde1
Direction
increasede1
Value
32.0%e1
Comparator
controle1

Verbatim

e1

“Application of Fe-NPs and Fe-chelated (EDTA, 0.1%) increased yield by 32.0% and 25% and total soluble solids (TSS) by 18.5% and 17.0%, respectively, compared with control”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1187–1357 · show in text ↑
e2

“This research was implemented on Washington navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 363–453 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar Fe-chelated (EDTA, 0.1%) increased Washington navel orange yield by 25% compared with control.

Taxon
Washington navel orange treese2
Treatment
Fe-chelated (EDTA, 0.1%)e1
Outcome
yielde1
Direction
increasede1
Value
25%e1
Comparator
controle1

Verbatim

e1

“Application of Fe-NPs and Fe-chelated (EDTA, 0.1%) increased yield by 32.0% and 25% and total soluble solids (TSS) by 18.5% and 17.0%, respectively, compared with control”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1187–1357 · show in text ↑
e2

“This research was implemented on Washington navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 363–453 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar Fe-NPs increased total soluble solids of Washington navel orange fruit by 18.5% compared with control.

Taxon
Washington navel orange treese2
Treatment
Fe-NPse1
Outcome
total soluble solids (TSS)e1
Direction
increasede1
Value
18.5%e1
Comparator
controle1

Verbatim

e1

“Application of Fe-NPs and Fe-chelated (EDTA, 0.1%) increased yield by 32.0% and 25% and total soluble solids (TSS) by 18.5% and 17.0%, respectively, compared with control”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1187–1357 · show in text ↑
e2

“This research was implemented on Washington navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 363–453 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar Fe-chelated (EDTA, 0.1%) increased total soluble solids of Washington navel orange fruit by 17.0% compared with control.

Taxon
Washington navel orange treese2
Treatment
Fe-chelated (EDTA, 0.1%)e1
Outcome
total soluble solids (TSS)e1
Direction
increasede1
Value
17.0%e1
Comparator
controle1

Verbatim

e1

“Application of Fe-NPs and Fe-chelated (EDTA, 0.1%) increased yield by 32.0% and 25% and total soluble solids (TSS) by 18.5% and 17.0%, respectively, compared with control”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1187–1357 · show in text ↑
e2

“This research was implemented on Washington navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 363–453 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar Fe-NPs and/or Fe-chelated (EDTA) at 0.1% enhanced vegetative growth, flower set and tree nutritional status of Washington navel orange trees.

Taxon
Washington navel orange treese2
Treatment
Fe-NPs (nanoform) and/or Fe-chelated (EDTA) at 0.1%e3
Outcome
vegetative growth, flower set, tree nutritional statuse3
Direction
enhancinge3

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e3

“the spraying of the Washington navel orange trees grown under similar environmental conditions and horticulture practices adopted in the current experiment with Fe-NPs (nanoform) and/or Fe-chelated (EDTA) at 0.1% is a beneficial application for enhancing vegetative growth, flower set, tree nutritional status, and fruit production and quality”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 842–1185 · show in text ↑
e2

“This research was implemented on Washington navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 363–453 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar Fe-NPs and/or Fe-chelated (EDTA) at 0.1% enhanced fruit production and quality of Washington navel orange trees.

Taxon
Washington navel orange treese2
Treatment
Fe-NPs (nanoform) and/or Fe-chelated (EDTA) at 0.1%e3
Outcome
fruit production and qualitye3
Direction
enhancinge3

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e3

“the spraying of the Washington navel orange trees grown under similar environmental conditions and horticulture practices adopted in the current experiment with Fe-NPs (nanoform) and/or Fe-chelated (EDTA) at 0.1% is a beneficial application for enhancing vegetative growth, flower set, tree nutritional status, and fruit production and quality”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 842–1185 · show in text ↑
e2

“This research was implemented on Washington navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 363–453 · show in text ↑
Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Spraying Washington navel orange trees with nano and chelated iron could be considered a significant way to improve growth, fruit production, quality and nutritional status in arid regions.

Taxon
Washington navel orange treese4
Treatment
nano and chelated irone4
Outcome
vegetative growth, fruit production, quality, and nutritional statuse4
Setting
arid regionse4

Verbatim

e4

“Spraying Washington navel orange trees with nano and chelated iron could be considered a significant way to improve vegetative growth, fruit production, quality, and nutritional status while also being environmentally preferred in the arid regions”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1359–1606 · show in text ↑

iron atom · quality: sugar starch · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Positive and negative results

9 papers: 8 positive, 1 negative or no effect

7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
    Fe-EDDHA did not significantly enhance fruit size, juice content, total acidity, and total soluble solids over the control.

    Influence of iron chelate supply in calcareous soil on orange yield, fruit quality, and nutrient status of young orchards during seven growing seasons after planting · 2025 · compared with the control

    Opposite direction

  2. positive
    TSS, total sugar, and flavonoids were highest under T9, with T6 at par.

    Effects of Foliar Application of Micronutrients On Growth, Yield and Quality of Sweet Orange (Citrus Sinensis (L.) Osbeck) · 2022 · compared with T6

    Same direction

  3. positive
    The four-micronutrient spray maximized fruit sucrose content in Mosambi.

    Foliar Feeding of Micronutrients: An Essential Tool to Improve Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) cv. Mosambi under Non-traditional Citrus Growing Track · 2020

    Same direction

5 papers more in this group

See all 9 papers →

iron atom · growth · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Positive and negative results

11 papers: 10 positive, 1 negative or no effect

9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
    Raising FeH from 22 to 352 g Fe per tree per year did not significantly increase tree growth.

    By-product Iron-humate Increases Tree Growth and Fruit Production of Orange and Grapefruit · 1998

    Opposite direction

  2. positive
    T9, followed by T6 and T7, most effectively improved shoot length, leaf number, and leaf area.

    Effects of Foliar Application of Micronutrients On Growth, Yield and Quality of Sweet Orange (Citrus Sinensis (L.) Osbeck) · 2022 · compared with B @ 0.3% + Fe @ 0.2%

    Same direction

  3. positive
    The four-micronutrient spray was most effective for vegetative growth traits in Mosambi orange.

    Foliar Feeding of Micronutrients: An Essential Tool to Improve Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) cv. Mosambi under Non-traditional Citrus Growing Track · 2020 · compared with B @ 0.3% + Fe @0.2% and Zn @ 0.5% + B @ 0.3%

    Same direction

7 papers more in this group

See all 11 papers →

iron atom · yield · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Positive and negative results

12 papers: 10 positive, 2 negative or no effect

9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
    Fe(III)-chelate sprays did not increase fruit size.

    EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT FOLIAR IRON APPLICATIONS TO CONTROL IRON CHLOROSIS IN ORANGE TREES GROWN ON A CALCAREOUS SOIL · 2001

    Opposite direction

  2. no effect
    Fe-EDDHA did not significantly enhance yield over the control.

    Influence of iron chelate supply in calcareous soil on orange yield, fruit quality, and nutrient status of young orchards during seven growing seasons after planting · 2025 · compared with the control

    Opposite direction

  3. positive
    Iron amendments at 22 g Fe per tree per year increased fruit yield after one year.

    By-product Iron-humate Increases Tree Growth and Fruit Production of Orange and Grapefruit · 1998

    Same direction

8 papers more in this group

See all 12 papers →

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid · growth · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Results agree

2 papers: 2 positive, 0 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
    Foliar micronutrients improved plant growth indices in Washington Navel orange

    RESPONSE OF YOUNG WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREES GROWN ON SLIGHTLY ALKALINE CLAYEY SOIL TO FOLIAR APPLICATION OF CHELATED MICRONUTRIENTS · 2000

    Same direction

See all 2 papers →

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid · quality: sugar starch · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Results agree

2 papers: 2 positive, 0 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
    Foliar micronutrients improved fruit weight, TSS and total acidity in Washington Navel orange

    RESPONSE OF YOUNG WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREES GROWN ON SLIGHTLY ALKALINE CLAYEY SOIL TO FOLIAR APPLICATION OF CHELATED MICRONUTRIENTS · 2000

    Same direction

See all 2 papers →

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid · yield · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Results agree

3 papers: 3 positive, 0 negative or no effect

2 papers in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
    Foliar micronutrients increased yield in Washington Navel orange, especially with Zn and Mn

    RESPONSE OF YOUNG WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREES GROWN ON SLIGHTLY ALKALINE CLAYEY SOIL TO FOLIAR APPLICATION OF CHELATED MICRONUTRIENTS · 2000

    Same direction

  2. positive
    The treatment significantly affected yield, fruit set and fruiting percentage relative to other treatments.

    RESPONSE OF VALENCIA ORANGE TREES GROWN IN SANDY SOIL TO TREATMENTS WITH BIOZEM, AMCOTONE , CA-EDTA AND ZN-EDTA AND THEIR EFFECT ON FRUIT QUALITY, REGREENING AND YIELD · 2007 · compared with the other treatments

    Same direction

See all 3 papers →

iron atom · quality: general · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Results agree

3 papers: 3 positive, 0 negative or no effect

2 papers in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
    Fe(II) sulfate sprays improved fruit size and quality against controls.

    EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT FOLIAR IRON APPLICATIONS TO CONTROL IRON CHLOROSIS IN ORANGE TREES GROWN ON A CALCAREOUS SOIL · 2001 · compared with control trees

    Same direction

  2. positive
    Frequent foliar iron sprays prevented yield and quality losses.

    FOLIAR TREATMENTS AS A STRATEGY TO CONTROL IRON CHLOROSIS IN ORANGE TREES · 2002

    Same direction

See all 3 papers →

nanoparticle · quality: general · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Positive and negative results

6 papers: 3 positive, 3 negative or no effect

2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
    Microemulsion and nanoemulsion coatings showed no significant differences in sensory evaluation.

    The use of orange peel essential oil microemulsion and nanoemulsion in pectin‐based coating to extend the shelf life of fresh‐cut orange · 2017

    Opposite direction

  2. negative
    The 0.4% potassium nanoparticle spray gave unsuspected variations in the genetic composition of the proteins of the eaten fruit segments compared with other treatments; the authors regard this as unfortunate.

    Effect of Foliar Application with Nano and other Potassium Sources on Yield and Fruit Quality of Washington Navel Orange. · 2025 · compared with other treatments

    Opposite direction

  3. negative
    Potassium nanoparticles at 0.4% altered protein composition in the edible fruit segments relative to other treatments.

    Effect of Foliar Application with Nano and other Potassium Sources on Yield and Fruit Quality of Washington Navel Orange. · 2025 · compared with other treatments

    Opposite direction

2 papers more in this group

See all 6 papers →

8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.