Abstract
Water-saving irrigation is an important way to realize the sustainable development of the apple industry. In order to screen the best irrigation pattern for apple, taking 9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple as the material, the effects of different irrigation methods (drip irrigation, sprinkling irrigation, and flood irrigation) on the growth, fruit quality, and yield of apple trees were studied. The results showed that compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively, and decreased the autumn shoot length by 11.7% and 8.8%, respectively. Drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the leaf area, chlorophyll content, and leaf weight, the leaf area increased by 3.0% and 1.9%, respectively, the chlorophyll content increased by 13.9% and 11.5%, respectively, and the leaf weight increased by 5.8% and 5.1%, respectively. Drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation could slightly increase the single fruit weight and fruit shape index, significantly increase the coloring index and smoothness index. The single fruit weight increased by 3.2% and 1.9%, the coloring index increased by 6.1% and 4.1%, the smoothness index increased by 4.7% and 2.8%, and the proportion of red fruit increased by 4.2% and 2.2%, respectively. The content of soluble solids in drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation was significantly higher than that in flood irrigation, which was 13.0% and 2.6% higher than CK, respectively. The fruit hardness in drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation was 7.9% and 2.2% higher than CK, respectively, and that in drip irrigation increased significantly. The yield in drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation was 12.1% and 8.2% higher than CK, respectively. In conclusion, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation could promote the growth of apple trees, improve the fruit quality, and increase the yield of apple trees, and the effect of drip irrigation is better than sprinkling irrigation.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation increased spring shoot length by 14.8% versus flood irrigation.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- spring shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkling irrigation increased spring shoot length by 9.1% versus flood irrigation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- spring shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation decreased autumn shoot length by 11.7%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- autumn shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11.7%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively, and decreased the autumn shoot length by 11.7% and 8.8%, respectively”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkling irrigation decreased autumn shoot length by 8.8%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- autumn shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 8.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively, and decreased the autumn shoot length by 11.7% and 8.8%, respectively”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation increased leaf area by 3.0%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.0%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the leaf area, chlorophyll content, and leaf weight, the leaf area increased by 3.0% and 1.9%, respectively”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkling irrigation increased leaf area by 1.9%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.9%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the leaf area, chlorophyll content, and leaf weight, the leaf area increased by 3.0% and 1.9%, respectively”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation increased chlorophyll content by 13.9%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.9%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the leaf area, chlorophyll content, and leaf weight, the leaf area increased by 3.0% and 1.9%, respectively, the chlorophyll content increased by 13.9% and 11.5%, respectively”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkling irrigation increased chlorophyll content by 11.5%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the leaf area, chlorophyll content, and leaf weight, the leaf area increased by 3.0% and 1.9%, respectively, the chlorophyll content increased by 13.9% and 11.5%, respectively”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation increased leaf weight by 5.8%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- leaf weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the leaf area, chlorophyll content, and leaf weight, the leaf area increased by 3.0% and 1.9%, respectively, the chlorophyll content increased by 13.9% and 11.5%, respectively, and the leaf weight increased by 5.8% and 5.1%, respectively”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkling irrigation increased leaf weight by 5.1%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- leaf weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the leaf area, chlorophyll content, and leaf weight, the leaf area increased by 3.0% and 1.9%, respectively, the chlorophyll content increased by 13.9% and 11.5%, respectively, and the leaf weight increased by 5.8% and 5.1%, respectively”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation increased single fruit weight by 3.2%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- single fruit weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.2%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The single fruit weight increased by 3.2% and 1.9%”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkling irrigation increased single fruit weight by 1.9%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- single fruit weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.9%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The single fruit weight increased by 3.2% and 1.9%”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation increased coloring index by 6.1%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- coloring indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the coloring index increased by 6.1% and 4.1%”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkling irrigation increased coloring index by 4.1%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- coloring indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the coloring index increased by 6.1% and 4.1%”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation increased smoothness index by 4.7%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- smoothness indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.7%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the smoothness index increased by 4.7% and 2.8%”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkling irrigation increased smoothness index by 2.8%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- smoothness indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the smoothness index increased by 4.7% and 2.8%”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation increased the proportion of red fruit by 4.2%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- proportion of red fruite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.2%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the proportion of red fruit increased by 4.2% and 2.2%”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkling irrigation increased the proportion of red fruit by 2.2%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- proportion of red fruite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.2%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the proportion of red fruit increased by 4.2% and 2.2%”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation increased soluble solids by 13.0% versus CK.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- content of soluble solidse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 13.0%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The content of soluble solids in drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation was significantly higher than that in flood irrigation, which was 13.0% and 2.6% higher than CK, respectively”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkling irrigation increased soluble solids by 2.6% versus CK.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robustat0
- Outcome
- content of soluble solidse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.6%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The content of soluble solids in drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation was significantly higher than that in flood irrigation, which was 13.0% and 2.6% higher than CK, respectively”
t0“9-year-old ‘Yanfu 10’ Fuji / Malus robusta apple”
e1“compared with the flood irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8% and 9.1%, respectively”
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