Abstract
The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is a key challenge to rice production in Asia. Outbreaks of planthoppers are associated with excessive fertilizer applications; consequently, we examined planthopper interactions with susceptible, tolerant and resistant varieties of rice under varying levels of soil nitrogen in a greenhouse experiment. We compared planthopper fitness (survival × reproduction) and plant tolerance (functional plant loss index) for 16 varieties at 0, 80 and 150 Kg added nitrogen ha−1. The planthoppers grew larger, developed more quickly and laid more eggs on susceptible varieties, compared with the resistant and tolerant varieties. Moreover, soil nitrogen generally increased planthopper fitness on resistant varieties, but relative resistance was maintained. Functional plant loss was highest among the susceptible varieties, but weight and growth rate reductions per mg of planthopper were often highest in the tolerant varieties. Tolerance was associated with large, fast-growing plants, with at least moderate resistance to the planthopper. Susceptibility was associated with a small size and/or an absence of resistance genes. Our results suggested that early-tillering rice plants can be both resistant and tolerant to the brown planthopper, but cannot be both susceptible and tolerant of planthoppers at high densities. This indicates that at least moderate resistance is required for tolerance against this herbivore. Furthermore, although dwarf varieties had a low tolerance of planthoppers, they could express resistance through functioning resistance genes.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Planthoppers grew larger on susceptible varieties than resistant and tolerant varieties.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- susceptible varietiese0
- Interactor
- brown planthopper
Nilaparvata lugenst0pest - Outcome
- planthoppers grew largere0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- resistant and tolerant varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“planthoppers grew larger, developed more quickly and laid more eggs on susceptible varieties, compared with the resistant and tolerant varieties”
t0“Brown Planthopper in Fast-Growing, Moderately Resistant Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Planthoppers developed more quickly on susceptible varieties.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- susceptible varietiese0
- Interactor
- brown planthopperNilaparvata lugenst0pest
- Outcome
- developed more quicklye0
- Direction
- more quicklye0
- Comparator
- resistant and tolerant varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“planthoppers grew larger, developed more quickly and laid more eggs on susceptible varieties, compared with the resistant and tolerant varieties”
t0“Brown Planthopper in Fast-Growing, Moderately Resistant Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Planthoppers laid more eggs on susceptible varieties.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- susceptible varietiese0
- Interactor
- brown planthopperNilaparvata lugenst0pest
- Outcome
- laid more eggse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- resistant and tolerant varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“planthoppers grew larger, developed more quickly and laid more eggs on susceptible varieties, compared with the resistant and tolerant varieties”
t0“Brown Planthopper in Fast-Growing, Moderately Resistant Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nitrogen generally increased planthopper fitness on resistant rice varieties.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- resistant varietiese0
- Treatment
- soil nitrogene0
- Interactor
- brown planthopperNilaparvata lugenst0pest
- Outcome
- planthopper fitnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil nitrogen generally increased planthopper fitness on resistant varieties”
t0“Brown Planthopper in Fast-Growing, Moderately Resistant Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative resistance was maintained under nitrogen.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- brown planthopperNilaparvata lugenst0pest
- Outcome
- relative resistance was maintainede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relative resistance was maintained”
t0“Brown Planthopper in Fast-Growing, Moderately Resistant Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Functional plant loss was highest among susceptible varieties.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- susceptible varietiese0
- Interactor
- brown planthopperNilaparvata lugenst0pest
- Outcome
- Functional plant losse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Functional plant loss was highest among the susceptible varieties”
t0“Brown Planthopper in Fast-Growing, Moderately Resistant Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Weight reduction per mg of planthopper was often highest in tolerant varieties.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- tolerant varietiese0
- Interactor
- planthoppere0pest
- Outcome
- weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“weight and growth rate reductions per mg of planthopper were often highest in the tolerant varieties”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth-rate reduction per mg of planthopper was often highest in tolerant varieties.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- tolerant varietiese0
- Interactor
- planthoppere0pest
- Outcome
- growth rate reductions per mg of planthoppere0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“weight and growth rate reductions per mg of planthopper were often highest in the tolerant varieties”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerance was associated with large, fast-growing plants with moderate resistance.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- large, fast-growing plantse0
- Interactor
- planthoppere0pest
- Outcome
- Tolerancee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tolerance was associated with large, fast-growing plants, with at least moderate resistance to the planthopper”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Susceptibility was associated with small plant size.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- small sizee0
- Outcome
- Susceptibilitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Susceptibility was associated with a small size and/or an absence of resistance genes”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Susceptibility was associated with absence of resistance genes.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- resistance genese0
- Outcome
- Susceptibilitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Susceptibility was associated with a small size and/or an absence of resistance genes”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-tillering rice can combine resistance and tolerance to planthopper.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- early-tilleringe0
- Interactor
- brown planthopperNilaparvata lugense0pest
- Outcome
- both resistant and tolerant to the brown planthoppere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early-tillering rice plants can be both resistant and tolerant to the brown planthopper”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice cannot combine susceptibility and tolerance at high planthopper density.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- planthoppersFulgoromorphae0pest
- Outcome
- cannot be both susceptible and tolerant of planthopperse0
- Qualifier
- high densitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cannot be both susceptible and tolerant of planthoppers at high densities”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate resistance was inferred necessary for planthopper tolerance.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- tolerance against this herbivoree0
- Qualifier
- at least moderate resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at least moderate resistance is required for tolerance against this herbivore”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Dwarf varieties had low planthopper tolerance.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- dwarf varietiese0
- Interactor
- planthoppersFulgoromorphae0pest
- Outcome
- low tolerance of planthopperse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dwarf varieties had a low tolerance of planthoppers”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Dwarf varieties could express resistance through functional resistance genes.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- resistance genese0
- Outcome
- express resistancee0
- Qualifier
- functioning resistance genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they could express resistance through functioning resistance genes”
t0“Rice”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · Nilaparvata lugens · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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