Abstract
Low temperature in early spring impairs wheat growth and grain yield. However, little is known about the cytological and molecular mechanisms underlying low temperature regulation of wheat spike development. Microstructure observation and transcriptome sequencing of wheat spikes under low temperature were conducted. Low temperature slowed spike development, reduced the yield-component parameters of wheat spikes at the harvest stage, delayed the formation of lateral spikelets and tissue development, and induced the early differentiation of terminal spikelets. Low temperature increased the content of abscisic acid and caused the upregulation of genes in the abscisic acid signaling pathway, including those encoding PP2Cs, SnRK2s, and bZIP transcription factors. Low temperature also induced the upregulation of 33 cold-responsive genes involved in wheat response to low-temperature stress and regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis and metabolism of other substances. The wheat spike adapted to cold conditions by changing the expression levels of genes involved in spike morphogenesis, including the transcription-factor genes MADS6, ERF4, ERF78, WOX6, and NAC48. These findings suggest that low temperature in early spring delays wheat spike development by increasing abscisic acid content or affecting the expression of genes involved in morphogenesis.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature slowed wheat spike development.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- spike developmente0
- Direction
- slowede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low temperature slowed spike development”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat”
e1“Low temperature slowed spike development”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature reduced wheat spike yield components at harvest.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- harvest stagee0
- Treatment
- Low temperaturet0
- Outcome
- yield-component parameters of wheat spikese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the yield-component parameters of wheat spikes at the harvest stage”
t0“Low temperature”
t1“Low temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature delayed lateral spikelet formation and tissue development.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Low temperaturee1
- Outcome
- formation of lateral spikelets and tissue developmente0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“delayed the formation of lateral spikelets and tissue development”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat”
e1“Low temperature slowed spike development”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature induced early terminal spikelet differentiation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Low temperaturee1
- Outcome
- early differentiation of terminal spikeletse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induced the early differentiation of terminal spikelets”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat”
e1“Low temperature slowed spike development”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature increased wheat spike abscisic acid content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- content of abscisic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low temperature increased the content of abscisic acid”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat”
e1“Low temperature slowed spike development”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature upregulated PP2C, SnRK2 and bZIP pathway genes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Low temperaturee1
- Gene
- PP2Cs, SnRK2s, and bZIP transcription factorse0
- Outcome
- upregulation of genes in the abscisic acid signaling pathwaye0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“caused the upregulation of genes in the abscisic acid signaling pathway, including those encoding PP2Cs, SnRK2s, and bZIP transcription factors”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat”
e1“Low temperature slowed spike development”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature upregulated 33 cold-responsive genes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- upregulation of 33 cold-responsive genese0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
- Value
- 33e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low temperature also induced the upregulation of 33 cold-responsive genes involved in wheat response to low-temperature stress”
t1“Low temperature also induced the upregulation of 33 cold-responsive genes involved in wheat response to low-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat spikes changed expression of morphogenesis genes under cold.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Gene
- MADS6, ERF4, ERF78, WOX6, and NAC48e0
- Outcome
- expression levels of genes involved in spike morphogenesise0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The wheat spike adapted to cold conditions by changing the expression levels of genes involved in spike morphogenesis, including the transcription-factor genes MADS6, ERF4, ERF78, WOX6, and NAC48”
t1“The wheat spike adapted to cold conditions by changing the expression levels of genes involved in spike morphogenesis, including the transcription-factor genes MADS6, ERF4, ERF78, WOX6, and NAC48”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose abscisic acid increase or morphogenesis gene expression as causes of delayed spikes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- delays wheat spike developmente0
- Qualifier
- increasing abscisic acid content or affecting the expression of genes involved in morphogenesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These findings suggest that low temperature in early spring delays wheat spike development by increasing abscisic acid content or affecting the expression of genes involved in morphogenesis”
t1“These findings suggest that low temperature in early spring delays wheat spike development by increasing abscisic acid content or affecting the expression of genes involved in morphogenesis”
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