Abstract
L.) is widely cultivated as one of the most important root crops, and developing an effective presowing treatment method can promote the development of modern mechanized precision sowing. In the present study, a novel seed priming technology, named hydro-electro hybrid priming (HEHP), was used to promote the germination of carrot seeds. Seed germination experiments showed that HEHP was able to increase the germination index (GI) and vigor index (VI) by 3.1-fold and 6.8-fold, respectively, and the effect was significantly superior to that of hydro-priming (HYD) and electrostatic field treatment (EF). The consumption and utilization rate of seed storage reserves were also greatly improved. Meanwhile, both glyoxysomes and mitochondria were found to appear ahead of time in the endosperm cells of HEHP through observations of the subcellular structure of the endosperm. Activities of isocitrate lyase (ICL), NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were significantly increased by HEHP. From transcriptome results, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to the glyoxylate cycle, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the citrate cycle were significantly enriched and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed the expression pattern of 15 critical differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in these pathways. All DEGs encoding MDH, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and PK were upregulated in HEHP; thus, it is reasonable to infer that the transformation of malate, oxalacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvate in the cytoplasm may be pivotal for the energy supply during early germination. The results suggest that the optimal effect of HEHP is achieved by initiating stored lipid utilization and respiratory metabolism pathways related to germination.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
HEHP increased carrot germination index 3.1-fold.
- Taxon
- Carrot
Daucus carotat0 - Treatment
- HEHPe0
- Outcome
- germination index (GI)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 3.1-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HEHP was able to increase the germination index (GI) and vigor index (VI) by 3.1-fold and 6.8-fold, respectively”
t0“Carrot”
Claim · model-written summary
HEHP increased carrot vigor index 6.8-fold.
- Taxon
- CarrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- HEHPe0
- Outcome
- vigor index (VI)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 6.8-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HEHP was able to increase the germination index (GI) and vigor index (VI) by 3.1-fold and 6.8-fold, respectively”
t0“Carrot”
Claim · model-written summary
HEHP germination effects were significantly superior to hydro-priming.
- Taxon
- CarrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- HEHPe1
- Outcome
- effecte0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- hydro-priming (HYD)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effect was significantly superior to that of hydro-priming (HYD) and electrostatic field treatment (EF)”
t0“Carrot”
e1“HEHP was able to increase the germination index (GI) and vigor index (VI) by 3.1-fold and 6.8-fold, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
HEHP germination effects were significantly superior to electrostatic field treatment.
- Taxon
- CarrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- HEHPe1
- Outcome
- effecte0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- electrostatic field treatment (EF)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effect was significantly superior to that of hydro-priming (HYD) and electrostatic field treatment (EF)”
t0“Carrot”
e1“HEHP was able to increase the germination index (GI) and vigor index (VI) by 3.1-fold and 6.8-fold, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
HEHP improved consumption and utilization of seed storage reserves.
- Taxon
- CarrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- HEHPe1
- Outcome
- consumption and utilization rate of seed storage reservese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The consumption and utilization rate of seed storage reserves were also greatly improved”
t0“Carrot”
e1“In the present study, a novel seed priming technology, named hydro-electro hybrid priming (HEHP), was used to promote the germination of carrot seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyoxysomes and mitochondria appeared earlier in HEHP endosperm cells.
- Taxon
- CarrotDaucus carotat0
- Organ / stage
- endosperm cellse0
- Treatment
- HEHPe0
- Outcome
- glyoxysomes and mitochondriae0
- Direction
- ahead of timee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both glyoxysomes and mitochondria were found to appear ahead of time in the endosperm cells of HEHP”
t0“Carrot”
Claim · model-written summary
HEHP significantly increased ICL and MDH activity.
- Taxon
- CarrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- HEHPe0
- Outcome
- Activities of isocitrate lyase (ICL), NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activities of isocitrate lyase (ICL), NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were significantly increased by HEHP”
t0“Carrot”
Claim · model-written summary
HEHP significantly increased PK and ADH activity.
- Taxon
- CarrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- HEHPe0
- Outcome
- pyruvate kinase (PK), and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activities of isocitrate lyase (ICL), NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were significantly increased by HEHP”
t0“Carrot”
Claim · model-written summary
HEHP enriched pathways for the glyoxylate cycle, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis.
- Taxon
- CarrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- HEHPe1
- Outcome
- pathways related to the glyoxylate cycle, glycolysis, gluconeogenesise0
- Direction
- enrichede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to the glyoxylate cycle, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the citrate cycle were significantly enriched”
t0“Carrot”
e1“All DEGs encoding MDH, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and PK were upregulated in HEHP”
Claim · model-written summary
HEHP enriched the citrate cycle pathway.
- Taxon
- CarrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- HEHPe1
- Outcome
- citrate cyclee0
- Direction
- enrichede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to the glyoxylate cycle, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the citrate cycle were significantly enriched”
t0“Carrot”
e1“All DEGs encoding MDH, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and PK were upregulated in HEHP”
Claim · model-written summary
qRT-PCR confirmed the expression pattern of 15 critical DEGs in these pathways.
- Taxon
- CarrotDaucus carotat0
- Gene
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e0
- Outcome
- expression patterne0
- Value
- 15e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed the expression pattern of 15 critical differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in these pathways”
t0“Carrot”
Claim · model-written summary
All DEGs encoding MDH, PEPCK, and PK were upregulated under HEHP.
- Taxon
- CarrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- HEHPe0
- Outcome
- DEGs encoding MDH, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and PKe0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All DEGs encoding MDH, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and PK were upregulated in HEHP”
t0“Carrot”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that cytoplasmic conversion of four metabolites may be pivotal for energy supply in early germination.
- Taxon
- CarrotDaucus carotat0
- Compound
- malate, oxalacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvatee0
- Outcome
- energy supply during early germinatione0
- Qualifier
- transformatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is reasonable to infer that the transformation of malate, oxalacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvate in the cytoplasm may be pivotal for the energy supply during early germination”
t0“Carrot”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest HEHP acts through stored lipid utilization and respiratory metabolism.
- Taxon
- CarrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- HEHPe0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Qualifier
- stored lipid utilization and respiratory metabolism pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the optimal effect of HEHP is achieved by initiating stored lipid utilization and respiratory metabolism pathways related to germination”
t0“Carrot”
The same questions in other papers
seed treatment · growth · Daucus carota (carrot)Results differ
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1 in the opposite direction
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seed treatment · molecular: expression · Daucus carota (carrot)Results agree
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.