Abstract
The underground water and water storage reservoirs are rapidly depleting due to nominal recharging by the rainfalls making water a scarce resource for irrigation resulting in poor crop growth and production. Irrigation water application should focus on the proficient use of each drop of water. Water productivity (WP) in agriculture can be improved through crop diversification, proper land and water management techniques. Considering this, a field investigation was carried out during 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 to study the crop response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) + okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) system to land configurations and irrigation regimes. Three raised-sunken beds (RSB) having width (m) ratios of 1:3, 2:3, 3:3 and two irrigation schedules viz. continuous standing water (CSW) of 5 ± 2 cm depth and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) at 3 ± 1 days interval for rice in sunken bed were tested. Rice yield was more (4.36 and 4.89 Mg ha−1) under CSW irrigation than AWD irrespective of raised bed width. The highest okra yield was noted by 14.09 and 15.43 Mg ha−1 with AWD in 1:3 RSB systems, whereas the lowest yield was recorded in CSW 1:3 RSB systems. Rice equivalent yield (REY) was found as the maximum in AWD than CSW irrespective of raised and sunken bed configurations. The AWD in 3:3 RSB systems exhibited the highest WP of 1.02 and 1.01 kg m−3 during the first and second year of study, respectively. Wider RSB system of land configuration ratio of 3:3 saved about 40–45% of irrigation water. Such information will help in the planning of an innovative intercropping system of summer rice + okra in the field by changing the land configuration to the raised bed and sunken bed with the AWD irrigation system.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield under continuous standing water exceeded that under alternate wetting and drying.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- CSW irrigatione0
- Outcome
- Rice yielde0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 4.36 and 4.89 Mg ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of raised bed widthe0
- Comparator
- AWDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice yield was more (4.36 and 4.89 Mg ha−1) under CSW irrigation than AWD irrespective of raised bed width.”
Claim · model-written summary
Okra yield was highest under AWD in 1:3 raised-sunken beds.
- Taxon
- okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentuse0 - Treatment
- AWD in 1:3 RSB systemse0
- Outcome
- okra yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 14.09 and 15.43 Mg ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The highest okra yield was noted by 14.09 and 15.43 Mg ha−1 with AWD in 1:3 RSB systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Okra yield was lowest in CSW 1:3 raised-sunken beds.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- CSW 1:3 RSB systemse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest okra yield was noted by 14.09 and 15.43 Mg ha−1 with AWD in 1:3 RSB systems, whereas the lowest yield was recorded in CSW 1:3 RSB systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice equivalent yield was maximal under AWD rather than CSW across bed configurations.
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- Rice equivalent yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of raised and sunken bed configurationse0
- Comparator
- CSWe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Rice equivalent yield (REY) was found as the maximum in AWD than CSW irrespective of raised and sunken bed configurations.”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD in 3:3 raised-sunken beds had the highest water productivity, 1.02 and 1.01 kg m−3 in successive years.
- Treatment
- AWD in 3:3 RSB systemse0
- Outcome
- WPe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.02 and 1.01 kg m−3e0
- Qualifier
- during the first and second year of study, respectivelye0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The AWD in 3:3 RSB systems exhibited the highest WP of 1.02 and 1.01 kg m−3 during the first and second year of study, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
A wider 3:3 bed configuration saved about 40–45% irrigation water.
- Treatment
- Wider RSB system of land configuration ratio of 3:3e0
- Outcome
- irrigation watere0
- Direction
- savede0
- Value
- 40–45%e0
- Qualifier
- aboute0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Wider RSB system of land configuration ratio of 3:3 saved about 40–45% of irrigation water.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose raised and sunken beds with AWD for planning summer rice–okra intercropping.
Verbatim
e0“Such information will help in the planning of an innovative intercropping system of summer rice + okra in the field by changing the land configuration to the raised bed and sunken bed with the AWD irrigation system.”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · yield · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Positive and negative results
47 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
59 papers more in this group
See all 63 papers →irrigation · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
905 papers in the same direction as this paper · 201 in the opposite direction · 64 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
1,167 papers more in this group
See all 1,171 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.