Abstract
Terbuthylazine (TBA), ametryn (AME), and atrazine (ATZ) are triazine family herbicides. They are dominantly used in the field of cereal crops like wheat and maize for prevention of upland from annual gramineous and broad-leaved weeds, with attributes of weed efficiency broad spectrum and good market performance. Salicylic acid (SA) is a kind of natural plant growth regulator existing widely in the plant kingdom and participating in many physiological and defense processes. In this study, the effects of SA on the detoxification and degradation of herbicides TBA, AME, and ATZ in maize were investigated. When maize plants were exposed to 6 mg kg–1 of the triazine herbicides, the growth and chlorophyll concentration were reduced, while the membrane permeability increased. After maize was sprayed with 5 mg kg–1 SA, the herbicide-induced phytotoxicity was significantly assuaged, with the increased content of chlorophyll and decreased cellular damage in plants. Activities of several biomarker enzymes such as SOD, POD, and GST were repressed in the presence of SA. The concentration of the triazine herbicides in maize and the soil determined by high-performance liquid chromatography was drastically reduced by spraying SA. Using LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS, six metabolites and nine conjugates of AME in maize and soil were characterized. The relative contents of AME metabolites and conjugates in maize with SA were higher than those without SA. These results suggest that SA is able to promote the detoxification and decay of these triazine herbicides in maize and soil.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Triazine exposure reduced maize growth.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When maize plants were exposed to 6 mg kg–1 of the triazine herbicides, the growth and chlorophyll concentration were reduced, while the membrane permeability increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Triazine exposure reduced maize chlorophyll concentration.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When maize plants were exposed to 6 mg kg–1 of the triazine herbicides, the growth and chlorophyll concentration were reduced, while the membrane permeability increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Triazine exposure increased maize membrane permeability.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When maize plants were exposed to 6 mg kg–1 of the triazine herbicides, the growth and chlorophyll concentration were reduced, while the membrane permeability increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
SA spray assuaged herbicide phytotoxicity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After maize was sprayed with 5 mg kg–1 SA, the herbicide-induced phytotoxicity was significantly assuaged, with the increased content of chlorophyll and decreased cellular damage in plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
SA spray increased chlorophyll content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After maize was sprayed with 5 mg kg–1 SA, the herbicide-induced phytotoxicity was significantly assuaged, with the increased content of chlorophyll and decreased cellular damage in plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
SA spray decreased cellular damage.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After maize was sprayed with 5 mg kg–1 SA, the herbicide-induced phytotoxicity was significantly assuaged, with the increased content of chlorophyll and decreased cellular damage in plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
SA repressed SOD, POD and GST activities.
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- Activities of several biomarker enzymes such as SOD, POD, and GSTe0
- Direction
- repressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activities of several biomarker enzymes such as SOD, POD, and GST were repressed in the presence of SA.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SA spray reduced triazine herbicide concentration in maize and soil.
- Treatment
- spraying SAe0
- Outcome
- concentration of the triazine herbicides in maize and the soile0
- Direction
- drastically reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of the triazine herbicides in maize and the soil determined by high-performance liquid chromatography was drastically reduced by spraying SA.”
Claim · model-written summary
Six AME metabolites were characterized in maize and soil.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS, six metabolites and nine conjugates of AME in maize and soil were characterized.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine AME conjugates were characterized in maize and soil.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS, six metabolites and nine conjugates of AME in maize and soil were characterized.”
Claim · model-written summary
SA raised relative AME metabolite contents in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative contents of AME metabolites and conjugates in maize with SA were higher than those without SA.”
Claim · model-written summary
SA raised relative AME conjugate contents in maize.
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- relative contents of AME metabolites and conjugatese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- without SAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative contents of AME metabolites and conjugates in maize with SA were higher than those without SA.”
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See all 56 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.