Abstract
Pink stem borer (PSB) causes considerable yield losses to maize. Plant-insect interactions have significant implications for sustainable pest management. The present study demonstrated that PSB feeding, mechanical wounding, a combination of mechanical wounding and PSB regurgitation and exogenous application of methyl jasmonate have induced phenolic compound mediated defense responses both at short term (within 2 days of treatment) and long term (in 15 days of treatment) in leaf and stalk tissues of maize. The quantification of two major defense related phenolic compounds namely p-Coumaric acid (p-CA) and ferulic acid (FA) was carried out through ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) at 2 and 15 days after imposing the above treatments. The p-CA content induced in leaf tissues of maize genotypes were intrinsically higher when challenged by PSB attack at V3 and V6 stages in short- and long-term responses. Higher p-CA content was observed in stalk tissues upon wounding and regurgitation in short- and long-term responses at V3 and V6 stages. Significant accumulation of FA content was also observed in leaf tissues in response to PSB feeding at V3 stage in long-term response while at V6 stage it was observed both in short- and long-term responses. In stalk tissues, methyl jasmonate induced higher FA content in short-term response at V3 stage. However, at V6 stage PSB feeding induced FA accumulation in the short-term while, wounding and regurgitation treatment-induced defense responses in the long-term. In general, the resistant (DMRE 63, CM 500) and moderately resistant genotypes (WNZ ExoticPool) accumulated significantly higher contents of p-CA and FA content than susceptible ones (CM 202, BML 6) in most of the cases. The study indicates that phenolic mediated defense responses in maize are induced by PSB attack followed by wounding and regurgitation compared to the other induced treatments. Furthermore, the study confirmed that induced defense responses vary with plant genotype, stage of crop growth, plant tissue and short and long-term responses. The results of the study suggested that the Phenolic acids i.e. p-CA and FA may contribute to maize resistance mechanisms in the maize-PSB interaction system.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
PSB attack increased leaf p-CA at V3 and V6 in short and long responses.
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuese0
- Treatment
- PSB attacke0
- Interactor
- PSBe0pest
- Outcome
- p-CA contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The p-CA content induced in leaf tissues of maize genotypes were intrinsically higher when challenged by PSB attack at V3 and V6 stages in short- and long-term responses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounding and regurgitation increased stalk p-CA at both stages and response times.
- Organ / stage
- stalk tissuese0
- Treatment
- wounding and regurgitatione0
- Outcome
- p-CA contente0
- Direction
- Highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher p-CA content was observed in stalk tissues upon wounding and regurgitation in short- and long-term responses at V3 and V6 stages.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB feeding increased leaf FA at V3 in the long term and V6 in both response periods.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant accumulation of FA content was also observed in leaf tissues in response to PSB feeding at V3 stage in long-term response while at V6 stage it was observed both in short- and long-term responses.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Methyl jasmonate increased stalk FA in the short term at V3.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In stalk tissues, methyl jasmonate induced higher FA content in short-term response at V3 stage.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB feeding increased stalk FA in the short term at V6.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at V6 stage PSB feeding induced FA accumulation in the short-term”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounding and regurgitation induced stalk defense in the long term at V6.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wounding and regurgitation treatment-induced defense responses in the long-term.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant and moderately resistant genotypes accumulated more p-CA and FA than susceptible genotypes.
- Material
- DMRE 63, CM 500e0
- Outcome
- contents of p-CA and FA contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CM 202, BML 6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the resistant (DMRE 63, CM 500) and moderately resistant genotypes (WNZ ExoticPool) accumulated significantly higher contents of p-CA and FA content than susceptible ones (CM 202, BML 6) in most of the cases.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic defense varies by genotype, growth stage, tissue and response time.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induced defense responses vary with plant genotype, stage of crop growth, plant tissue and short and long-term responses.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest p-CA and FA contribute to resistance to PSB.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phenolic acids i.e. p-CA and FA may contribute to maize resistance mechanisms in the maize-PSB interaction system.”
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