Abstract
Citrus fruits are among the most consumed fruits in the world. This is mainly due to their high content in vitamin C and other health-promoting bioactive compounds. Developing new and efficient propagation systems for Citrus plants is of high importance to rejuvenate old orchards and to satisfy the high demand of consumers. Herein, we aimed to establish an efficient regeneration method through micrografting for Citrus plants. Nucellar embryos of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) were taken from mature seeds and cultured on plant growth regulator (PGR)-free Murashige and Skoog medium with some modifications (MSm) to be used as rootstock. For scion preparation, undeveloped ovules of sweet orange Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Washington Navel were cultured either on PGR-free MSm medium, MSm medium supplemented with malt extract at different concentrations, or on MSm medium supplemented with different PGRs to induce somatic embryogenesis. The findings showed that after 10 days of culture, all nucellar embryos of sour orange were developed into seedlings. Besides, it was found that the number and size of embryos vary in each seed. The number of embryos ranged from 1 to 8, with a degree of polyembryony ranging from 3.08 to 4.12. Regarding sweet orange cv. Washington Navel, the highest percentage of embryogenic callus formation (50%) was observed on the medium containing 500 mg/L malt extract, with no significant difference with media containing 1000 and 1500 mg/L malt extract (46%). However, callus and proembryo morphology and proliferation varied depending on malt extract concentration. Surprisingly, none of the media containing PGRs showed embryogenic callus formation. Micrografting was performed by inserting somatic embryos of sweet orange cv. Washington Navel on decapitated sour orange seedlings. The micrografted plants were transferred to MSm medium supplemented with 1 mg/L gibberellic acid where a survival rate of 100% as well as normal growth and development of plants were observed.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
All sour orange nucellar embryos developed into seedlings after 10 days of culture.
- Taxon
- sour orange
Citrus ×aurantiume0 - Organ / stage
- nucellar embryose0
- Outcome
- developed into seedlingse0
- Value
- alle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after 10 days of culture, all nucellar embryos of sour orange were developed into seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Sour orange seeds contained one to eight embryos.
Verbatim
e0“The number of embryos ranged from 1 to 8”
t0“Citrus plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported degree of polyembryony ranged from 3.08 to 4.12.
Verbatim
e0“a degree of polyembryony ranging from 3.08 to 4.12”
t0“Citrus plants”
Claim · model-written summary
At 500 mg/L malt extract, sweet orange callus formation reached 50%, the highest reported percentage.
- Taxon
- sweet orange
Citrus sinensise0 - Material
- Washington Navele0
- Treatment
- 500 mg/L malt extracte0
- Outcome
- embryogenic callus formatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet orange cv. Washington Navel, the highest percentage of embryogenic callus formation (50%) was observed on the medium containing 500 mg/L malt extract”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1000 mg/L malt extract, embryogenic callus formation was 46% and was not significantly different from the 500 mg/L medium.
- Taxon
- Citrus plantst0
- Treatment
- 1000e0
- Outcome
- embryogenic callus formatione2
- Value
- 46%e0
- Comparator
- 500 mg/L malt extracte2
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“media containing 1000 and 1500 mg/L malt extract (46%)”
e1“with no significant difference with media containing 1000 and 1500 mg/L malt extract (46%)”
e2“sweet orange cv. Washington Navel, the highest percentage of embryogenic callus formation (50%) was observed on the medium containing 500 mg/L malt extract”
t0“Citrus plants”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1500 mg/L malt extract, embryogenic callus formation was 46% and was not significantly different from the 500 mg/L medium.
- Taxon
- Citrus plantst0
- Treatment
- 1500 mg/L malt extracte0
- Outcome
- embryogenic callus formatione2
- Value
- 46%e0
- Comparator
- 500 mg/L malt extracte2
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“media containing 1000 and 1500 mg/L malt extract (46%)”
e1“with no significant difference with media containing 1000 and 1500 mg/L malt extract (46%)”
e2“sweet orange cv. Washington Navel, the highest percentage of embryogenic callus formation (50%) was observed on the medium containing 500 mg/L malt extract”
t0“Citrus plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Callus and proembryo morphology and proliferation varied with malt extract concentration.
- Taxon
- Citrus plantst0
- Treatment
- malt extract concentratione0
- Outcome
- callus and proembryo morphology and proliferatione0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“callus and proembryo morphology and proliferation varied depending on malt extract concentration”
t0“Citrus plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PGR containing media produced no embryogenic callus.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“none of the media containing PGRs showed embryogenic callus formation”
t0“Citrus plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Micrografts transferred to medium with 1 mg/L gibberellic acid survived at 100%.
Verbatim
e0“micrografted plants were transferred to MSm medium supplemented with 1 mg/L gibberellic acid where a survival rate of 100% as well as normal growth and development of plants were observed”
t0“Citrus plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Micrografts on gibberellic acid medium showed normal growth and development.
Verbatim
e0“1 mg/L gibberellic acid where a survival rate of 100% as well as normal growth and development of plants were observed”
t0“Citrus plants”
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