Abstract
In November 2019, a severe outbreak of fruit rot was observed in olive orchards in Crete, southern Greece. Symptoms appeared primarily on fruits and stalks, resembling those caused by anthracnose. Typical symptoms were fruit rot, shrinkage, and mummification, associated commonly with stalk discoloration and fruit drop. Disease incidence was estimated at up to 100% in some cases, and an unprecedented increase in olive oil acidity reaching up to 8% (percentage of oleic acid) in severely affected olive groves was recorded. Thirty-two olive groves were then surveyed, and samples of fruit, stalk, leaf, and shoot were collected. Visual, stereoscopic, and microscopic observations revealed several fungi belonging to the genera Alternaria, Botryosphaeria, Capnodium, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, and Pseudocercospora. Fungal infection in fruits was commonly associated with concomitant infestation by the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae along with increased air temperature and relative humidity conditions that prevailed in October and November 2019. Twenty representative fungal strains isolated from symptomatic fruits and stalks were characterized by morphological, physiological, and molecular analyses. By internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA region and translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequencing analysis, these isolates were identified as Alternaria spp., A. infectoria, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Colletotrichum boninense sensu lato, Fusarium lateritium, F. solani species complex and Stemphylium amaranthi. Pathogenicity tests on punctured fruits revealed that all isolates were pathogenic; however, F. solani isolates along with B. dothidea were the most virulent, and wounds were necessary for efficient fungal infection. Moreover, as few as 10 spores of F. solani were sufficient to cause significant infection in punctured fruits. F. solani was also capable of infecting olive fruits in the presence of B. oleae, with no additional wounding, in artificial inoculation experiments. Moreover, it was capable of colonizing and affecting olive blossoms. Further analyses of olive oil extracted from fruits artificially inoculated with F. solani indicated a significant increase in oil acidity, K 232 , K 270 , and peroxide value, whereas total phenol content was significantly decreased. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. solani associated with olive fruit rot and olive oil degradation worldwide.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Severe olive fruit rot reached 100% incidence in some groves.
- Taxon
- olive
Olea europaeat0 - Outcome
- Disease incidencee0
- Value
- up to 100%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disease incidence was estimated at up to 100% in some cases”
t0“Olive Fruit Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Olive oil acidity reached 8% in severely affected groves.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeae0
- Outcome
- olive oil aciditye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- up to 8%e0
- Qualifier
- severely affected olive grovese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an unprecedented increase in olive oil acidity reaching up to 8% (percentage of oleic acid) in severely affected olive groves”
Claim · model-written summary
Several fungal genera were observed in symptomatic olive material.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- several fungi belonging to the genera Alternaria, Botryosphaeria, Capnodium, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, and Pseudocercosporae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“observations revealed several fungi belonging to the genera Alternaria, Botryosphaeria, Capnodium, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, and Pseudocercospora”
t0“Olive Fruit Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit fungal infection co-occurred with olive fruit fly infestation and warm humid weather.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Interactor
- Bactrocera oleae
Bactrocera oleaee0pest - Outcome
- Fungal infection in fruitse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungal infection in fruits was commonly associated with concomitant infestation by the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae along with increased air temperature and relative humidity conditions”
t0“Olive Fruit Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolates were identified as seven named fungal taxa.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- isolates were identified as Alternaria spp., A. infectoria, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Colletotrichum boninense sensu lato, Fusarium lateritium, F. solani species complex and Stemphylium amaranthie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these isolates were identified as Alternaria spp., A. infectoria, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Colletotrichum boninense sensu lato, Fusarium lateritium, F. solani species complex and Stemphylium amaranthi”
t0“Olive Fruit Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested isolates were pathogenic to punctured olive fruit.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Organ / stage
- punctured fruitse0
- Outcome
- all isolates were pathogenice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pathogenicity tests on punctured fruits revealed that all isolates were pathogenic”
t0“Olive Fruit Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani and B. dothidea isolates were the most virulent.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Interactor
- F. solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie0pathogen - Second interactor
- B. dothidea
_Cesati_%26_DeNotaris_661320.jpg?width=60)
Botryosphaeria dothideae0pathogen - Outcome
- most virulente0
- Direction
- most virulente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
_Cesati_%26_DeNotaris_661320.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“F. solani isolates along with B. dothidea were the most virulent”
t0“Olive Fruit Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounds were necessary for efficient fungal infection.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- efficient fungal infectione0
- Qualifier
- wounds were necessarye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wounds were necessary for efficient fungal infection”
t0“Olive Fruit Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten F. solani spores caused significant infection in punctured fruits.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- 10 spores of F. solanie0
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection in punctured fruitse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as few as 10 spores of F. solani were sufficient to cause significant infection in punctured fruits”
t0“Olive Fruit Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani infected olive fruits with fly infestation without further wounding.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeae0
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. oleaeBactrocera oleaee0pest
- Outcome
- infecting olive fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. solani was also capable of infecting olive fruits in the presence of B. oleae, with no additional wounding”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani colonized and affected olive blossoms.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeae0
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie1pathogen
- Outcome
- colonizing and affecting olive blossomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was capable of colonizing and affecting olive blossoms”
e1“F. solani was also capable of infecting olive fruits in the presence of B. oleae”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani inoculation increased four olive oil quality indices.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- artificially inoculated with F. solanie0
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- oil acidity, K 232 , K 270 , and peroxide valuee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruits artificially inoculated with F. solani indicated a significant increase in oil acidity, K 232 , K 270 , and peroxide value”
t0“Olive Fruit Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani inoculation significantly decreased olive oil total phenols.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- artificially inoculated with F. solanie0
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- total phenol contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruits artificially inoculated with F. solani indicated a significant increase in oil acidity, K 232 , K 270 , and peroxide value, whereas total phenol content was significantly decreased”
t0“Olive Fruit Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors report the first worldwide association of F. solani with olive fruit rot and oil degradation.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- olive fruit rot and olive oil degradatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this is the first report of F. solani associated with olive fruit rot and olive oil degradation worldwide”
t0“Olive Fruit Rot”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · quality: sugar starch · Olea europaea (common olive)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
inoculation · quality: phytochemicals · Olea europaea (common olive)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.