Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a 6-yr old Lisbon lemon grove in Macomitas, Tucumán, Argentina. Within a 4-application program, one or two strobilurin applications at different times were included in combination with Dithane or Caurifix, completing the program with the mixture Caurifix plus Dithane. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Each plot consisted of three trees. Fungicide applications started at petal fall and continued every 4 weeks for 4 months. The grower treatment was considered the chemical control standard. Sprays were made with a conventional high volume sprayer fitted with a handgun, at a pressure of 500 psi using 25 L/tree. The first important rains began in October after petal fall. Favorable conditions for infection prevailed from petal fall (October) to December, with rainfall totaling 368 mm, maximum relative humidity over 90%, and average temperatures higher than 18 ºC. Two evaluations of citrus black spot (CBS) were made when fruits were harvested for the fresh fruit export market (19 May 03 and 22 Jun 03). Disease incidence was determined in fruits from the center tree of each plot. A total of 2,000 fruits was evaluated for each treatment. CBS incidence is presented as the average of both harvests. Environmental conditions favored CBS. All treatments significantly reduced CBS incidence. No differences in CBS incidence were detected among the 3 strobilurins in the treatments that included 2-strobilurin applications, and all of these treatments were more effective for CBS control than the grower treatment. The 3 strobilurins performed differently in the treatments where only one spray of strobilurins was included. Comet was more effective than the grower treatment in 3 of the 4 treatments evaluated, in combination with Caurifix at 60 or 90 days after petal fall (apf) and in combination with Dithane at 90 days apf. Comet had the same CBS incidence as the grower treatment when applied with Dithane at 60 days apf. The Flint treatments varied according to the other fungicide included in the combination. The two Flint treatments where the fungicide was applied with Caurifix were more effective than the grower treatment. No difference was detected between applications made 60 or 90 days afp. The mixture Flint-Dithane showed the same CBS incidence as the grower treatment at 60 or 90 days apf. The performance of Amistar varied according to the timing of the application; it was more effective than the grower treatment when applied at 60 days apf in combination with either Caurifix or Dithane. When this fungicide was applied at 90 days apf, the CBS incidence was similar to the grower treatment, with either Caurifix or Dithane. These results indicate that a one application of strobilurins significantly decreases CBS incidence compared to the grower treatment, but that the performance is influenced by the timing of application and fungicide included in the mixture.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
All fungicide treatments significantly reduced citrus black spot incidence.
- Taxon
- lemons
Citrus ×limont0 - Treatment
- All treatmentse0
- Outcome
- CBS incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lemons”
e0“All treatments significantly reduced CBS incidence.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-application strobilurin programs had similar black spot incidence across the three strobilurins.
- Taxon
- lemonsCitrus ×limont0
- Treatment
- 2-strobilurin applicationse0
- Outcome
- CBS incidencee0
- Direction
- No differencese0
- Comparator
- 3 strobilurinse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lemons”
e0“No differences in CBS incidence were detected among the 3 strobilurins in the treatments that included 2-strobilurin applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-application strobilurin programs controlled black spot better than the grower treatment.
- Taxon
- lemonsCitrus ×limont0
- Treatment
- these treatmentse0
- Outcome
- CBS controle0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- grower treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lemons”
e0“all of these treatments were more effective for CBS control than the grower treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
One-spray Comet treatments were more effective than the grower treatment in three of four tested combinations.
- Taxon
- lemonsCitrus ×limont0
- Treatment
- Comete0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Qualifier
- in combination with Caurifix at 60 or 90 days after petal fall (apf) and in combination with Dithane at 90 days apfe0
- Comparator
- grower treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lemons”
e0“Comet was more effective than the grower treatment in 3 of the 4 treatments evaluated, in combination with Caurifix at 60 or 90 days after petal fall (apf) and in combination with Dithane at 90 days apf.”
Claim · model-written summary
Comet with Dithane at 60 days had the same black spot incidence as the grower treatment.
- Taxon
- lemonsCitrus ×limont0
- Treatment
- Comete0
- Outcome
- CBS incidencee0
- Direction
- the samee0
- Qualifier
- with Dithane at 60 days apfe0
- Comparator
- grower treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lemons”
e0“Comet had the same CBS incidence as the grower treatment when applied with Dithane at 60 days apf.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flint with Caurifix controlled black spot better than the grower treatment at both application timings.
- Taxon
- lemonsCitrus ×limont0
- Treatment
- Flint treatmentse0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Qualifier
- with Caurifixe0
- Comparator
- grower treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lemons”
e0“The two Flint treatments where the fungicide was applied with Caurifix were more effective than the grower treatment. No difference was detected between applications made 60 or 90 days afp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flint with Dithane had the same black spot incidence as the grower treatment at 60 or 90 days.
- Taxon
- lemonsCitrus ×limont0
- Treatment
- Flint-Dithanee0
- Outcome
- CBS incidencee0
- Direction
- the samee0
- Qualifier
- at 60 or 90 days apfe0
- Comparator
- grower treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lemons”
e0“The mixture Flint-Dithane showed the same CBS incidence as the grower treatment at 60 or 90 days apf.”
Claim · model-written summary
Amistar with either Caurifix or Dithane at 60 days was more effective than the grower treatment.
- Taxon
- lemonsCitrus ×limont0
- Treatment
- ite0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Qualifier
- at 60 days apf in combination with either Caurifix or Dithanee0
- Comparator
- grower treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lemons”
e0“it was more effective than the grower treatment when applied at 60 days apf in combination with either Caurifix or Dithane.”
Claim · model-written summary
Amistar with either Caurifix or Dithane at 90 days had incidence similar to the grower treatment.
- Taxon
- lemonsCitrus ×limont0
- Treatment
- this fungicidee0
- Outcome
- CBS incidencee0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- at 90 days apfe0
- Comparator
- grower treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lemons”
e0“When this fungicide was applied at 90 days apf, the CBS incidence was similar to the grower treatment, with either Caurifix or Dithane.”
The same questions in other papers
fungicide · disease · Citrus x limon (lemon)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.