Abstract
A method for the inclusion of imazalil (IMZ) in the beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD), structural characterization of the inclusion complex and its antifungal activity against Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum assessed by in vitro and in vivo tests are reported. According to the starting stoichiometry of betaCD with respect to IMZ, an equimolar ratio beta-cyclodextrin-IMZ (betaCD-IMZ) was detected by (1)H NMR. In vitro assays showed that the freshly prepared betaCD-IMZ was as effective as IMZ, although 1- and 4-day-old betaCD-IMZ mixtures were more effective. Studies on Star Ruby grapefruit showed no significant differences in residue uptake between treatments with an IMZ commercially available fungicide (Deccozil) or betaCD-IMZ when equal active ingredient (a.i.) concentrations (250 mg/L) and dip temperatures (20 or 50 degrees C) were used. By contrast, treatments of Tarocco oranges and Di Massa lemons with 250 mg/L betaCD-IMZ at 50 degrees C produced significant differences in residue uptake in comparison with 250 mg/L Deccozil treatments at 50 degrees C. The a.i. degradation rate in grapefruit during postquarantine and simulated marketing period (SMP) at 20 degrees C was not affected by the type of formulation used, whether at 20 or 50 degrees C. Conversely, IMZ in oranges and lemons had greater persistence when applied at 50 degrees C. All fungicide treatments showed a comparable efficacy against decay in grapefruit and oranges, whereas treatment in lemons at 250 mg/L a.i. of heated fungicides had higher suppressive effects against decay than unheated chemicals having equal a.i. concentrations and comparable activity at 1200 mg/L IMZ at 20 degrees C.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh betaCD-IMZ was as effective as IMZ in vitro.
CitrusNot reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“freshly prepared betaCD-IMZ was as effective as IMZ”
t0“Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Older betaCD-IMZ mixtures were more effective in vitro.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1- and 4-day-old betaCD-IMZ mixtures were more effective”
t0“Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Grapefruit residue uptake did not differ between Deccozil and betaCD-IMZ.
- Taxon
- grapefruit
_Pompelino_Grapefruit_002.jpg?width=60)
Citrus ×paradisie0 - Material
- Star Rubye0
- Treatment
- betaCD-IMZe0
- Outcome
- residue uptakee0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Qualifier
- 20 or 50 degrees Ce0
- Comparator
- Deccozile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Pompelino_Grapefruit_002.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Studies on Star Ruby grapefruit showed no significant differences in residue uptake between treatments with an IMZ commercially available fungicide (Deccozil) or betaCD-IMZ when equal active ingredient (a.i.) concentrations (250 mg/L) and dip temperatures (20 or 50 degrees C) were used”
Claim · model-written summary
Tarocco orange residue uptake differed between betaCD-IMZ and Deccozil at 50 degrees C.
- Taxon
- orangese0
- Material
- Taroccoe0
- Treatment
- 250 mg/L betaCD-IMZ at 50 degrees Ce0
- Outcome
- residue uptakee0
- Comparator
- 250 mg/L Deccozil treatments at 50 degrees Ce0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“treatments of Tarocco oranges and Di Massa lemons with 250 mg/L betaCD-IMZ at 50 degrees C produced significant differences in residue uptake in comparison with 250 mg/L Deccozil treatments at 50 degrees C”
Claim · model-written summary
Di Massa lemon residue uptake differed between betaCD-IMZ and Deccozil at 50 degrees C.
- Taxon
- lemons
Citrus ×limone0 - Material
- Di Massae0
- Treatment
- 250 mg/L betaCD-IMZ at 50 degrees Ce0
- Outcome
- residue uptakee0
- Comparator
- 250 mg/L Deccozil treatments at 50 degrees Ce0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments of Tarocco oranges and Di Massa lemons with 250 mg/L betaCD-IMZ at 50 degrees C produced significant differences in residue uptake in comparison with 250 mg/L Deccozil treatments at 50 degrees C”
Claim · model-written summary
Grapefruit active ingredient degradation did not depend on formulation.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisie0
- Treatment
- type of formulation usede0
- Outcome
- a.i. degradation ratee0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The a.i. degradation rate in grapefruit during postquarantine and simulated marketing period (SMP) at 20 degrees C was not affected by the type of formulation used”
Claim · model-written summary
IMZ persisted more in oranges when applied at 50 degrees C.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“IMZ in oranges and lemons had greater persistence when applied at 50 degrees C”
Claim · model-written summary
IMZ persisted more in lemons when applied at 50 degrees C.
- Taxon
- lemonsCitrus ×limone0
- Treatment
- 50 degrees Ce0
- Outcome
- IMZ in oranges and lemonse0
- Direction
- greater persistencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IMZ in oranges and lemons had greater persistence when applied at 50 degrees C”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide treatments had comparable decay efficacy in grapefruit and oranges.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisie0
- Outcome
- comparable efficacy against decaye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All fungicide treatments showed a comparable efficacy against decay in grapefruit and oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Heated fungicide suppressed decay more than unheated fungicide in lemons.
- Taxon
- lemonsCitrus ×limone0
- Treatment
- heated fungicidese0
- Outcome
- suppressive effects against decaye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- unheated chemicalse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment in lemons at 250 mg/L a.i. of heated fungicides had higher suppressive effects against decay than unheated chemicals having equal a.i. concentrations”
The same questions in other papers
fungicide · disease · Citrus x limon (lemon)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.