Abstract
Establishing rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops by direct-seeding requires less water and less labor than transplanting. However, farmers need to know the net effects of suites of practices. So, evaluations of direct-seeding should also consider its interactions with other factors, including a practice, such as seed-priming. This paper reports on an experiment conducted in 2014 and 2015 at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Three interacting factors were assessed: crop establishment by direct dry-seeding vs. transplanting of seedlings; crop management with either the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) or conventional methods, which include continuous flooding rather than alternate wetting and drying; and seed-priming, comparing no priming with both hydropriming with water and osmopriming with CaCl2. Leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, and net assimilation rate were significantly affected by all three factors evaluated. Best performance resulted from transplanted seedlings grown from osmoprimed seeds and raised with SRI management. Overall, direct-seeding did not perform as well as transplanting, the major finding. Lower yield with direct-seeded rice (DSR) was attributable to plants having fewer productive tillers and grains after early rapid growth. Osmopriming with CaCl2 produced highest grain yield in the trials, 3.96 t ha−1 vs. 3.39 t ha−1 with no priming; highest straw yield of 13.8 t ha−1 vs. 13.3 t ha−1 with no priming; and Harvest Index of 28.7% vs. 25.6% with no priming. Hydropriming produced intermediate values. Osmopriming significantly improved phenological and grain-quality attributes. Transplanting osmoprimed seedlings under SRI management gave the highest economic benefit ($642 ha−1).
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area index, leaf area duration, and crop growth rate responded significantly to all three factors.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- all three factors evaluatede0
- Outcome
- Leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth ratee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, and net assimilation rate were significantly affected by all three factors evaluated.”
t0“of rice intensification vs. conventional”
Claim · model-written summary
Net assimilation rate responded significantly to all three factors.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- all three factors evaluatede0
- Outcome
- net assimilation ratee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, and net assimilation rate were significantly affected by all three factors evaluated.”
t0“of rice intensification vs. conventional”
Claim · model-written summary
The transplanted, osmoprimed seedlings under SRI management gave the best performance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- transplanted seedlings grown from osmoprimed seeds and raised with SRI managemente0
- Outcome
- Best performancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Best performance resulted from transplanted seedlings grown from osmoprimed seeds and raised with SRI management.”
t0“of rice intensification vs. conventional”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeding performed worse than transplanting.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- direct-seedinge0
- Outcome
- did not perform as welle0
- Direction
- did not perform as welle0
- Comparator
- transplantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, direct-seeding did not perform as well as transplanting, the major finding.”
t0“of rice intensification vs. conventional”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeded rice had lower yield with fewer productive tillers and grains after early rapid growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- direct-seedede0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- Lowere0
- Qualifier
- fewer productive tillers and grains after early rapid growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower yield with direct-seeded rice (DSR) was attributable to plants having fewer productive tillers and grains after early rapid growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeded plants had fewer productive tillers.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- direct-seedede1
- Outcome
- productive tillerse0
- Direction
- fewere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants having fewer productive tillers and grains after early rapid growth.”
t0“of rice intensification vs. conventional”
e1“Lower yield with direct-seeded rice (DSR) was attributable to plants having fewer productive tillers and grains after early rapid growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeded plants had fewer grains.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- grainse0
- Direction
- fewere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants having fewer productive tillers and grains after early rapid growth.”
t0“of rice intensification vs. conventional”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 osmopriming produced grain yield of 3.96 t ha−1 versus 3.39 t ha−1 without priming.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Osmopriming with CaCl2e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3.96 t ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- 3.39 t ha−1e0
- Comparator
- no priminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Osmopriming with CaCl2 produced highest grain yield in the trials, 3.96 t ha−1 vs. 3.39 t ha−1 with no priming;”
t0“of rice intensification vs. conventional”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 osmopriming produced straw yield of 13.8 t ha−1 versus 13.3 t ha−1 without priming.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Osmopriming with CaCl2e1
- Outcome
- straw yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 13.8 t ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- 13.3 t ha−1e0
- Comparator
- no priminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest straw yield of 13.8 t ha−1 vs. 13.3 t ha−1 with no priming;”
t0“of rice intensification vs. conventional”
e1“Osmopriming with CaCl2 produced highest grain yield in the trials, 3.96 t ha−1 vs. 3.39 t ha−1 with no priming;”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 osmopriming produced a harvest index of 28.7% versus 25.6% without priming.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- seed-primingt1
- Outcome
- Harvest Indexe0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 28.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 25.6%e0
- Comparator
- no priminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Harvest Index of 28.7% vs. 25.6% with no priming.”
t0“of rice intensification vs. conventional”
t1“seed-priming”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydropriming gave intermediate values.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Hydropriminge0
- Outcome
- intermediate valuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydropriming produced intermediate values.”
t0“of rice intensification vs. conventional”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmopriming significantly improved phenological attributes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Osmopriminge0
- Outcome
- phenologicale0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Osmopriming significantly improved phenological and grain-quality attributes.”
t0“of rice intensification vs. conventional”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmopriming significantly improved grain quality attributes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Osmopriminge0
- Outcome
- grain-quality attributese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Osmopriming significantly improved phenological and grain-quality attributes.”
t0“of rice intensification vs. conventional”
Claim · model-written summary
Transplanting osmoprimed seedlings under SRI gave the highest economic benefit of $642 ha−1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Transplanting osmoprimed seedlings under SRI managemente0
- Outcome
- economic benefite0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- $642 ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transplanting osmoprimed seedlings under SRI management gave the highest economic benefit ($642 ha−1).”
t0“of rice intensification vs. conventional”
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