Abstract
We studied the influence of a synthetic cytokinin-like growth regulator thidiazuron (TDZ) and ions of heavy metals (HMs) – Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+ on the growth, generation of superoxide anion, concentration of total peroxides, lipid peroxidation, and catalase activity in the leaves of 7-day-old winter wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Mironovskaya 808’). It was found that 1 mM solution of HMs inhibited the growth of roots in the following sequence: Zn2+ < Pb2+ < Cu2+ < Ni2+. HMs inhibited the growth of aboveground parts of young wheat plants, too. HMs stimulated superoxide production by a factor of 1.3–4.9. The content of total peroxides in wheat leaves increased in the presence of HMs in the growth medium. Our analyses showed that malonic dialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves increased with increasing Cu2+ or Ni2+ concentra tions in the medium and hardly changed with increasing Pb2+ or Zn2+ concentrations. HMs enhanced catalase activity in wheat plants 1.1–2.8-fold at all concentrations studied. All these regularities are indications of HMs-induced oxidative stress in wheat plants. In most treatments, TDZ alleviated the HMs-induced oxidative stress and promoted an increase in Wilkinson tolerance index (WTI). This suggests that the wheat seedlings treated with TDZ were more HMs-resistant than the untreated ones.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metals at 1 mM inhibited wheat root growth in the order Zn2+ < Pb2+ < Cu2+ < Ni2+.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Material
- Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Mironovskaya 808’e1
- Treatment
- 1 mM solution of HMse0
- Outcome
- growth of rootse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- Zn2+ < Pb2+ < Cu2+ < Ni2+e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1 mM solution of HMs inhibited the growth of roots in the following sequence: Zn2+ < Pb2+ < Cu2+ < Ni2+.”
e1“winter wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Mironovskaya 808’)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metals inhibited aboveground growth in young wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- HMse0
- Outcome
- growth of aboveground partse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HMs inhibited the growth of aboveground parts of young wheat plants, too.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metals increased superoxide production 1.3 to 4.9 fold.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- HMse0
- Outcome
- superoxide productione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 1.3–4.9e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HMs stimulated superoxide production by a factor of 1.3–4.9.”
e1“winter wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metals increased total peroxide content in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- HMse0
- Outcome
- content of total peroxidese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The content of total peroxides in wheat leaves increased in the presence of HMs in the growth medium.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Cu2+ concentrations increased leaf MDA content.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cu2+e0
- Outcome
- malonic dialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“malonic dialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves increased with increasing Cu2+ or Ni2+ concentra tions in the medium”
e1“winter wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Ni2+ concentrations increased leaf MDA content.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Ni2+e0
- Outcome
- malonic dialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“malonic dialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves increased with increasing Cu2+ or Ni2+ concentra tions in the medium”
e1“winter wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Pb2+ concentrations barely changed leaf MDA content.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Pb2+e0
- Outcome
- malonic dialdehyde (MDA) contente1
- Direction
- hardly changede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hardly changed with increasing Pb2+ or Zn2+ concentrations”
e1“malonic dialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves increased”
e2“winter wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Zn2+ concentrations barely changed leaf MDA content.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Zn2+e0
- Outcome
- malonic dialdehyde (MDA) contente1
- Direction
- hardly changede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hardly changed with increasing Pb2+ or Zn2+ concentrations”
e1“malonic dialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves increased”
e2“winter wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metals enhanced wheat catalase activity 1.1 to 2.8 fold.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- HMse0
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 1.1–2.8-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HMs enhanced catalase activity in wheat plants 1.1–2.8-fold at all concentrations studied.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most thidiazuron treatments alleviated heavy metal induced oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- TDZe0
- Outcome
- HMs-induced oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In most treatments, TDZ alleviated the HMs-induced oxidative stress”
e1“winter wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Most thidiazuron treatments increased the Wilkinson tolerance index.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- TDZe0
- Outcome
- Wilkinson tolerance index (WTI)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In most treatments, TDZ alleviated the HMs-induced oxidative stress and promoted an increase in Wilkinson tolerance index (WTI).”
e1“winter wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred that thidiazuron treated wheat seedlings were more heavy metal resistant than untreated seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TDZe0
- Outcome
- HMs-resistante0
- Comparator
- untreated onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat seedlings treated with TDZ were more HMs-resistant than the untreated ones.”
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