Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a non-climacteric and a favorite fruit of tropical, sub-tropical and arid regions of the world. During a survey in autumn 2019, leaf lesions were observed on plants (cv. Kandhari) in different orchards of Muzaffargarh (30°4'27.7572″ N, 71°11'4.7544″ E), a major pomegranate-producing region in Punjab Province. Disease incidence ranged from 17 to 20%. Leaf lesions were initially small (1 to 3 mm in diameter), round, purple or reddish-brown, scattered spots. At later stages, spots increased in size and the centers of mature lesions became dark red or black with fungal sporulation. To isolate the pathogen, samples of leaf (5 × 5 mm) were cut from the junction of diseased and healthy tissue, surface disinfected in 75% alcohol for 30 s, sterilized with 6% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min, washed with sterile distilled water three times, air dried in laminar flow hood, and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). After one week of incubation at 25 ± 2°C with a 12-h photoperiod, fungal colonies developed, which were initially white and became pale yellow with olivaceous green mycelium after 20 days. On PDA, ascomata were olivaceous green, with a papillate ostiole, globose or ovoidal to obovoidal (155 to 220 × 120 to 240 µm, n=50). Terminal and lateral setae were abundant, brown, and tapering toward the tips (4 to 6 µm, n=50). Asci were greenish and lemon-shaped (6 to 8 × 9 to 13.5 µm, n=50). Ascospores were limoniform and olivaceous gray-brown (10 to 11.5 × 7 to 9 µm, n=50). These morphological characteristics were consistent with the morphology of Chaetomium globosum (Lan et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2016). Genomic DNA was extracted from two isolates and identification of the pathogen was confirmed by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the partial translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) gene using ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1999) and EF1-983F/EF1-2218R primers (Wang et al. 2016), respectively. The sequences of the PCR products were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers MW522514, MW522352 (ITS), and MW530423, MW530424 (TEF1). BLAST results of the obtained sequences of the ITS and TEF1 genes revealed 100% (513/513 bp) and 99.78% (927/929 bp) similarity with those of C. globosum in GenBank (ITS: KX834823 and KT898637, and TEF1: MG812564 and KC485028). To confirm pathogenicity, inoculum was prepared by harvesting conidia from 10-day-old culture grown in PDA. The surface-disinfected (70% ethyl alcohol, 30 s) leaves of ten 1-year-old seedlings (cv. Kandhari) were sprayed with a spore suspension (1×106 conidia/ml). Leaves of ten seedlings sprayed with sterile distilled water served as controls. All seedlings were covered with plastic bags and placed in a greenhouse at 26°C with 12 h photoperiod. After eight days, symptoms on inoculated leaves were similar to those observed in the orchards; no symptoms were observed on controls. The fungus was reisolated from all symptomatic tissues. C. globosum has been reported on Punica granatum (Guo et al. 2015), Cannabis sativa (Chaffin et al. 2020) and Brassica oleracea (Zhu et al. 2020). This is the first report of C. globosum causing leaf spot on pomegranate in Pakistan. This finding suggests a potential threat to pomegranate production in Pakistan and further studies should focus on effective prevention and control practices of this disease.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Chaetomium globosum was recorded for the first time as causing leaf spot on pomegranate in Pakistan.
- Taxon
- Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)
Punica granatume0 - Interactor
- C. globosum
Chaetomium globosume3pathogen - Outcome
- leaf spote3
- Setting
- Pakistane3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a non-climacteric and a favorite fruit of tropical, sub-tropical and arid regions of the world”
e3“This is the first report of C. globosum causing leaf spot on pomegranate in Pakistan”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray-inoculated pomegranate seedlings developed leaf symptoms similar to orchard symptoms, while water-sprayed controls did not.
- Taxon
- Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)Punica granatume0
- Treatment
- sprayed with a spore suspension (1×106 conidia/ml)e4
- Outcome
- symptomse5
- Comparator
- sterile distilled watere6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a non-climacteric and a favorite fruit of tropical, sub-tropical and arid regions of the world”
e4“The surface-disinfected (70% ethyl alcohol, 30 s) leaves of ten 1-year-old seedlings (cv. Kandhari) were sprayed with a spore suspension (1×106 conidia/ml)”
e5“After eight days, symptoms on inoculated leaves were similar to those observed in the orchards; no symptoms were observed on controls”
e6“Leaves of ten seedlings sprayed with sterile distilled water served as controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Chaetomium globosum was reisolated from all symptomatic pomegranate leaf tissues.
- Taxon
- Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)Punica granatume0
- Organ / stage
- symptomatic tissuese7
- Outcome
- reisolatede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a non-climacteric and a favorite fruit of tropical, sub-tropical and arid regions of the world”
e7“The fungus was reisolated from all symptomatic tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolates showed morphological characteristics consistent with Chaetomium globosum.
- Taxon
- Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)Punica granatume0
- Interactor
- Chaetomium globosumChaetomium globosume1pathogen
- Outcome
- morphological characteristicse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a non-climacteric and a favorite fruit of tropical, sub-tropical and arid regions of the world”
e1“These morphological characteristics were consistent with the morphology of Chaetomium globosum”
Claim · model-written summary
ITS and TEF1 sequences of the isolates showed 100% (513/513 bp) similarity with C. globosum sequences in GenBank.
- Taxon
- Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)Punica granatume0
- Interactor
- C. globosumChaetomium globosume1pathogen
- Outcome
- similaritye1
- Value
- 100% (513/513 bp)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a non-climacteric and a favorite fruit of tropical, sub-tropical and arid regions of the world”
e1“BLAST results of the obtained sequences of the ITS and TEF1 genes revealed 100% (513/513 bp) and 99.78% (927/929 bp) similarity with those of C. globosum in GenBank”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease incidence in the surveyed pomegranate orchards ranged from 17 to 20%.
- Taxon
- Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)Punica granatume0
- Outcome
- Disease incidencee1
- Value
- 17 to 20%e1
- Setting
- Muzaffargarhe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a non-climacteric and a favorite fruit of tropical, sub-tropical and arid regions of the world”
e1“Disease incidence ranged from 17 to 20%”
e2“During a survey in autumn 2019, leaf lesions were observed on plants (cv. Kandhari) in different orchards of Muzaffargarh”
The same questions in other papers
application · disease · Punica granatum (pomegranate)Positive and negative results
8 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.