Abstract
Typical small-pot culture systems are not ideal for controlled environment phenotyping for drought tolerance, especially for root-related traits. We grew soybean plants in a greenhouse in 1-m rooting columns filled with amended field soil to test the effects of drought stress on water use, root growth, shoot growth, and yield components. There were three watering treatments, beginning at first flower: watered daily to 100% of the maximum soil water holding capacity (control), 75% (mild drought stress), or 50% (drought stress). We also tested whether applying fertilizer throughout the 1-m soil depth instead of only in the top 30 cm would modify root distribution by depth in the soil profile and thereby affect responses to drought stress. Distributing the fertilizer over the entire 1-m soil depth altered the root biomass distribution and volumetric soil water content profile at first flower, but these effects did not persist to maturity and thus did not enhance drought tolerance. Compared to the control (100%) watering treatment, the 50% watering treatment significantly reduced seed yield by 40%, pod number by 42%, seeds per pod by 3%, shoot dry matter by 48%, root dry matter by 53%, and water use by 52%. Effects of the 75% watering treatment were intermittent between the 50 and 100%. The 50% treatment significantly increased root-to-shoot dry matter ratio by 23%, harvest index by 17%, and water-use efficiency by 7%. Seed size was not affected by either fertilizer or watering treatments. More than 65% of the total root dry matter was distributed in the upper 20 cm of the profile in all watering treatments. However, the two drought stress treatments, especially the mild drought stress, had a greater proportion of root dry matter located in the deeper soil layers. The overall coefficient of variation for seed yield was low at 5.3%, suggesting good repeatability of the treatments. Drought stress imposed in this culture system affected yield components similarly to what is observed in the field, with pod number being the component most strongly affected. This system should be useful for identifying variation among soybean lines for a wide variety of traits related to drought tolerance.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Deep fertilizer placement altered root biomass distribution at first flower.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Organ / stage
- first flowere0
- Treatment
- Distributing the fertilizer over the entire 1-m soil depthe0
- Outcome
- root biomass distributione0
- Direction
- alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Distributing the fertilizer over the entire 1-m soil depth altered the root biomass distribution and volumetric soil water content profile at first flower”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep fertilizer placement altered volumetric soil water content profile at first flower.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- first flowere0
- Treatment
- Distributing the fertilizer over the entire 1-m soil depthe0
- Outcome
- volumetric soil water content profilee0
- Direction
- alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Distributing the fertilizer over the entire 1-m soil depth altered the root biomass distribution and volumetric soil water content profile at first flower”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep fertilizer placement did not enhance drought tolerance.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- drought tolerancee0
- Direction
- did not enhancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these effects did not persist to maturity and thus did not enhance drought tolerance”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50% watering treatment reduced seed yield by 40%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 50% watering treatmente0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- control (100%) watering treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control (100%) watering treatment, the 50% watering treatment significantly reduced seed yield by 40%, pod number by 42%, seeds per pod by 3%, shoot dry matter by 48%, root dry matter by 53%, and water use by 52%”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50% watering treatment reduced pod number by 42%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 50% watering treatmente0
- Outcome
- pod numbere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 42%e0
- Comparator
- control (100%) watering treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control (100%) watering treatment, the 50% watering treatment significantly reduced seed yield by 40%, pod number by 42%, seeds per pod by 3%, shoot dry matter by 48%, root dry matter by 53%, and water use by 52%”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50% watering treatment reduced seeds per pod by 3%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 50% watering treatmente0
- Outcome
- seeds per pode0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 3%e0
- Comparator
- control (100%) watering treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control (100%) watering treatment, the 50% watering treatment significantly reduced seed yield by 40%, pod number by 42%, seeds per pod by 3%, shoot dry matter by 48%, root dry matter by 53%, and water use by 52%”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50% watering treatment reduced shoot dry matter by 48%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 50% watering treatmente0
- Outcome
- shoot dry mattere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 48%e0
- Comparator
- control (100%) watering treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control (100%) watering treatment, the 50% watering treatment significantly reduced seed yield by 40%, pod number by 42%, seeds per pod by 3%, shoot dry matter by 48%, root dry matter by 53%, and water use by 52%”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50% watering treatment reduced root dry matter by 53%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 50% watering treatmente0
- Outcome
- root dry mattere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 53%e0
- Comparator
- control (100%) watering treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control (100%) watering treatment, the 50% watering treatment significantly reduced seed yield by 40%, pod number by 42%, seeds per pod by 3%, shoot dry matter by 48%, root dry matter by 53%, and water use by 52%”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50% watering treatment reduced water use by 52%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 50% watering treatmente0
- Outcome
- water usee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 52%e0
- Comparator
- control (100%) watering treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control (100%) watering treatment, the 50% watering treatment significantly reduced seed yield by 40%, pod number by 42%, seeds per pod by 3%, shoot dry matter by 48%, root dry matter by 53%, and water use by 52%”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
The 75% watering treatment had intermediate effects.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 75% watering treatmente0
- Outcome
- Effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Effects of the 75% watering treatment were intermittent between the 50 and 100%”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50% treatment increased root-to-shoot dry matter ratio by 23%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 50% treatmente0
- Outcome
- root-to-shoot dry matter ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 23%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 50% treatment significantly increased root-to-shoot dry matter ratio by 23%, harvest index by 17%, and water-use efficiency by 7%”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50% treatment increased harvest index by 17%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 50% treatmente0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 50% treatment significantly increased root-to-shoot dry matter ratio by 23%, harvest index by 17%, and water-use efficiency by 7%”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50% treatment increased water-use efficiency by 7%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 50% treatmente0
- Outcome
- water-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 50% treatment significantly increased root-to-shoot dry matter ratio by 23%, harvest index by 17%, and water-use efficiency by 7%”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed size was unaffected by fertilizer or watering.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- fertilizer or watering treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Seed sizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed size was not affected by either fertilizer or watering treatments”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
More than 65% of root dry matter was in the upper 20 cm.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- total root dry mattere0
- Value
- 65%e0
- Qualifier
- upper 20 cm of the profilee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“More than 65% of the total root dry matter was distributed in the upper 20 cm of the profile in all watering treatments”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought treatments increased the deeper root fraction.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- two drought stress treatmentse0
- Outcome
- proportion of root dry matter located in the deeper soil layerse0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the two drought stress treatments, especially the mild drought stress, had a greater proportion of root dry matter located in the deeper soil layers”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield coefficient of variation was 5.3%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- coefficient of variation for seed yielde0
- Value
- 5.3%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overall coefficient of variation for seed yield was low at 5.3%”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
The column system reproduced field yield component responses.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- yield componentse0
- Comparator
- the fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress imposed in this culture system affected yield components similarly to what is observed in the field”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod number was the yield component most affected.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- pod numbere0
- Direction
- most strongly affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pod number being the component most strongly affected”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend the system for screening drought tolerance traits.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- identifying variation among soybean lines for a wide variety of traits related to drought tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This system should be useful for identifying variation among soybean lines for a wide variety of traits related to drought tolerance”
t0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
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