Abstract
L.) plants for biofortification and improving grain nutritional quality, the effects of reducing the photoassimilate source (through the flag leaf removal and spike shading) or sink (through the removal of all spikelets from one side of the spike, i.e., 50% spikelets removal) in the field of the accumulation of Zn and other nutrients in grains of two wheat cultivars (Jimai 22 and Jimai 44) were investigated at two soil Zn application levels. The kernel number per spike (KNPS), single panicle weight (SPW), thousand kernel weight (TKW), total grain weight (TGW) sampled, concentrations and yields of various nutrient elements including Zn, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), phytate phosphorus (phytate-P), phytic acid (PA) and phytohormones (ABA: abscisic acid, and the ethylene precursor ACC: 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylic acid), and carbon/N ratios were determined. Soil Zn application significantly increased the concentrations of grain Zn, N and K. Cultivars showing higher grain yields had lower grain protein and micronutrient nutritional quality. SPW, KNPS, TKW (with the exception of TKW in the removal of half of the spikelets), TGW, and nutrient yields in wheat grains were most severely reduced by half spikelet removal, secondly by spike shading, and slightly by flag leaf removal. Grain concentrations of Zn, N and Mg consistently showed negative correlations with SPW, KNPS and TGW, but positive correlations with TKW. There were general positive correlations among grain concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, N and Mg, and the bioavailability of Zn and Fe (estimated by molar ratios of PA/Zn, PA/Fe, PA × Ca/Zn, or PA × Ca/Fe). Although Zn and Fe concentrations were increased and Ca was decreased in treatments of half spikelet removal and spike shading, the treatments simultaneously increased PA and limited the increase in bioavailability of Zn and Fe. In general, different nutrient elements interact with each other and are affected to different degrees by source-sink manipulation. Elevated endogenous ABA levels and ABA/ACC ratios were associated with increased TKW and grain-filling of Zn, Mn, Ca and Mg, and inhibited K in wheat grains. However, the effects of ACC were diametrically opposite. These results provide a basis for wheat grain biofortification to alleviate human malnutrition.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Zn application significantly increased grain Zn, N and K concentrations in two wheat cultivars grown in the field.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Material
- Jimai 22 and Jimai 44e0
- Treatment
- Soil Zn applicatione1
- Outcome
- concentrations of grain Zn, N and Ke1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e0“the effects of reducing the photoassimilate source (through the flag leaf removal and spike shading) or sink (through the removal of all spikelets from one side of the spike, i.e., 50% spikelets removal) in the field of the accumulation of Zn and other nutrients in grains of two wheat cultivars (Jimai 22 and Jimai 44) were investigated at two soil Zn application levels”
e1“Soil Zn application significantly increased the concentrations of grain Zn, N and K”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat cultivars with higher grain yields had lower grain protein and micronutrient nutritional quality.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Cultivarse1
- Organ / stage
- graine1
- Outcome
- grain protein and micronutrient nutritional qualitye1
- Direction
- lowere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e1“Cultivars showing higher grain yields had lower grain protein and micronutrient nutritional quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Half spikelet removal reduced single panicle weight and kernel number per spike most severely among the treatments.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- half spikelet removale1
- Outcome
- SPW, KNPSe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- most severelye1
- Comparator
- spike shadinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e1“SPW, KNPS, TKW (with the exception of TKW in the removal of half of the spikelets), TGW, and nutrient yields in wheat grains were most severely reduced by half spikelet removal, secondly by spike shading, and slightly by flag leaf removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Half spikelet removal most severely reduced nutrient yields in wheat grains.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- half spikelet removale1
- Outcome
- nutrient yieldse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- most severelye1
- Comparator
- spike shadinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e1“SPW, KNPS, TKW (with the exception of TKW in the removal of half of the spikelets), TGW, and nutrient yields in wheat grains were most severely reduced by half spikelet removal, secondly by spike shading, and slightly by flag leaf removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Spike shading secondly reduced single panicle weight and kernel number per spike.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spike shadinge1
- Outcome
- SPW, KNPSe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- secondlye1
- Comparator
- half spikelet removale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e1“SPW, KNPS, TKW (with the exception of TKW in the removal of half of the spikelets), TGW, and nutrient yields in wheat grains were most severely reduced by half spikelet removal, secondly by spike shading, and slightly by flag leaf removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Spike shading secondly reduced nutrient yields in wheat grains.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spike shadinge1
- Outcome
- nutrient yieldse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- secondlye1
- Comparator
- half spikelet removale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e1“SPW, KNPS, TKW (with the exception of TKW in the removal of half of the spikelets), TGW, and nutrient yields in wheat grains were most severely reduced by half spikelet removal, secondly by spike shading, and slightly by flag leaf removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Flag leaf removal slightly reduced single panicle weight and kernel number per spike.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- flag leaf removale1
- Outcome
- SPW, KNPSe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- slightlye1
- Comparator
- half spikelet removale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e1“SPW, KNPS, TKW (with the exception of TKW in the removal of half of the spikelets), TGW, and nutrient yields in wheat grains were most severely reduced by half spikelet removal, secondly by spike shading, and slightly by flag leaf removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Flag leaf removal slightly reduced nutrient yields in wheat grains.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- flag leaf removale1
- Outcome
- nutrient yieldse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- slightlye1
- Comparator
- half spikelet removale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e1“SPW, KNPS, TKW (with the exception of TKW in the removal of half of the spikelets), TGW, and nutrient yields in wheat grains were most severely reduced by half spikelet removal, secondly by spike shading, and slightly by flag leaf removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Zn, N and Mg concentrations were negatively correlated with single panicle weight, kernel number per spike and thousand grain weight.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- Graine2
- Outcome
- SPW, KNPS and TGWe2
- Direction
- negative correlationse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e2“Grain concentrations of Zn, N and Mg consistently showed negative correlations with SPW, KNPS and TGW, but positive correlations with TKW”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Zn, N and Mg concentrations were positively correlated with thousand kernel weight.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- Graine2
- Outcome
- TKWe2
- Direction
- positive correlationse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e2“Grain concentrations of Zn, N and Mg consistently showed negative correlations with SPW, KNPS and TGW, but positive correlations with TKW”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, N and Mg were generally positively correlated with one another.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Outcome
- grain concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, N and Mge3
- Direction
- positive correlationse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e3“There were general positive correlations among grain concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, N and Mg, and the bioavailability of Zn and Fe (estimated by molar ratios of PA/Zn, PA/Fe, PA × Ca/Zn, or PA × Ca/Fe)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain concentrations of nutrients were positively correlated with the bioavailability of Zn and Fe, estimated from PA molar ratios.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Compound
- PAe3
- Outcome
- bioavailability of Zn and Fee3
- Direction
- positive correlationse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e3“There were general positive correlations among grain concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, N and Mg, and the bioavailability of Zn and Fe (estimated by molar ratios of PA/Zn, PA/Fe, PA × Ca/Zn, or PA × Ca/Fe)”
Claim · model-written summary
Half spikelet removal and spike shading increased grain Zn and Fe concentrations.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- half spikelet removal and spike shadinge4
- Outcome
- Zn and Fe concentrationse4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e4“Although Zn and Fe concentrations were increased and Ca was decreased in treatments of half spikelet removal and spike shading, the treatments simultaneously increased PA and limited the increase in bioavailability of Zn and Fe”
Claim · model-written summary
Half spikelet removal and spike shading decreased grain Ca concentration.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- half spikelet removal and spike shadinge4
- Outcome
- Cae4
- Direction
- decreasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e4“Although Zn and Fe concentrations were increased and Ca was decreased in treatments of half spikelet removal and spike shading, the treatments simultaneously increased PA and limited the increase in bioavailability of Zn and Fe”
Claim · model-written summary
Half spikelet removal and spike shading increased phytic acid (PA).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- half spikelet removal and spike shadinge4
- Outcome
- PAe4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e4“Although Zn and Fe concentrations were increased and Ca was decreased in treatments of half spikelet removal and spike shading, the treatments simultaneously increased PA and limited the increase in bioavailability of Zn and Fe”
Claim · model-written summary
Half spikelet removal and spike shading limited the increase in bioavailability of Zn and Fe.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- half spikelet removal and spike shadinge4
- Outcome
- bioavailability of Zn and Fee4
- Direction
- limited the increasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grains”
e4“Although Zn and Fe concentrations were increased and Ca was decreased in treatments of half spikelet removal and spike shading, the treatments simultaneously increased PA and limited the increase in bioavailability of Zn and Fe”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated endogenous ABA levels were associated with increased thousand kernel weight.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Elevated endogenous ABA levels and ABA/ACC ratios were associated with increased TKW and grain-filling of Zn, Mn, Ca and Mg, and inhibited K in wheat grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated endogenous ABA levels were associated with increased grain-filling of Zn, Mn, Ca and Mg.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Organ / stage
- grainse5
- Compound
- ABAe5
- Outcome
- grain-filling of Zn, Mn, Ca and Mge5
- Direction
- increasede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Elevated endogenous ABA levels and ABA/ACC ratios were associated with increased TKW and grain-filling of Zn, Mn, Ca and Mg, and inhibited K in wheat grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated endogenous ABA levels were associated with inhibited grain K.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Elevated endogenous ABA levels and ABA/ACC ratios were associated with increased TKW and grain-filling of Zn, Mn, Ca and Mg, and inhibited K in wheat grains”
Claim · model-written summary
The effects of ACC on grain traits were diametrically opposite to those of ABA.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Compound
- ACCe6
- Outcome
- effects of ACCe6
- Direction
- diametrically oppositee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Elevated endogenous ABA levels and ABA/ACC ratios were associated with increased TKW and grain-filling of Zn, Mn, Ca and Mg, and inhibited K in wheat grains”
e6“However, the effects of ACC were diametrically opposite”
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