Abstract
Tillage represents an important practice that is used to dynamically regulate soil properties, and affects the grain production process and resource use efficiency of crops. The objectives of this 3-year field study carried out in the Huang-Huai-Hai (HHH) Plain of China were to compare the effects of a new deep vertical rotary tillage (DVRT) with the conventional shallow rotary tillage (CT) on soil properties, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency at different productivity levels, and to identify a comprehensive management that optimizes both grain yield and resource use efficiency in the HHH Plain. A split-plot design was adopted in field experiments in the winter wheat growing seasons of 2016–2017 (S1), 2017–2018 (S2) and 2018–2019 (S3), with DVRT (conducted once in June 2016) and CT performed in the main plots. Subplots were treated with one of four targeted productivity level treatments (SH, the super high productivity level; HH, the high productivity and high efficiency productivity level; FP, the farmer productivity level; ISP, the inherent soil productivity level). The results showed that the soil bulk density was reduced and the soil water content at the anthesis stage was increased in all three years, which were due to the significant effects of DVRT. Compared with CT, grain yields, partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN), and water use efficiency (WUE) under DVRT were increased by 22.0, 14.5 and 19.0%. Path analysis and direct correlation decomposition uncovered that grain yield variation of winter wheat was mostly contributed by the spike numbers per area under different tillage modes. General line model analysis revealed that tillage mode played a significant role on grain yield, PFPN and WUE not only as a single factor, but also along with other factors (year and productivity level) in interaction manners. In addition, PFPN and WUE were the highest in HH under DVRT in all three growth seasons. These results provided a theoretical basis and technical support for coordinating the high yield with high resource use efficiency of winter wheat in the resource-restricted region in the HHH Plain of China.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
DVRT reduced soil bulk density.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- DVRTe0
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“the soil bulk density was reduced and the soil water content at the anthesis stage was increased in all three years, which were due to the significant effects of DVRT”
Claim · model-written summary
DVRT increased soil water content at anthesis in all three years.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- anthesis stagee0
- Treatment
- DVRTe0
- Outcome
- soil water contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“the soil water content at the anthesis stage was increased in all three years, which were due to the significant effects of DVRT”
Claim · model-written summary
DVRT increased grain yield by 22.0% relative to CT.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- DVRTe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22.0e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Compared with CT, grain yields, partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN), and water use efficiency (WUE) under DVRT were increased by 22.0, 14.5 and 19.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
DVRT increased partial factor productivity of nitrogen by 14.5% relative to CT.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- DVRTe0
- Outcome
- partial factor productivity of nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.5e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Compared with CT, grain yields, partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN), and water use efficiency (WUE) under DVRT were increased by 22.0, 14.5 and 19.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
DVRT increased water use efficiency by 19.0% relative to CT.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- DVRTe0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.0%e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Compared with CT, grain yields, partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN), and water use efficiency (WUE) under DVRT were increased by 22.0, 14.5 and 19.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
Spike number per area contributed most to yield variation across tillage modes.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- spike numbers per areae0
- Outcome
- grain yield variatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“grain yield variation of winter wheat was mostly contributed by the spike numbers per area under different tillage modes”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage mode significantly affected yield, PFPN and WUE, alone and in interactions with year and productivity level.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- tillage modee0
- Outcome
- grain yield, PFPN and WUEe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“tillage mode played a significant role on grain yield, PFPN and WUE not only as a single factor, but also along with other factors (year and productivity level) in interaction manners”
Claim · model-written summary
PFPN and WUE were highest in HH under DVRT across all three seasons.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- HH under DVRTe0
- Outcome
- PFPN and WUEe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“PFPN and WUE were the highest in HH under DVRT in all three growth seasons”
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