Abstract
Soil rotational tillage is an effective measure to overcome the problems caused by long-term of a single tillage, but the effect of the interval time of rotational tillage practices is not very well understood. Therefore, we conducted a 3-year field study in a wheat-maize cropping system to evaluate the effects of rotary tillage (RT) in rotation with plowing tillage (PT) on soil properties in northern China. Four practices were designed as follows: 3 years of RT to a depth of 10-15 cm (3RT), 3 years of PT to a depth of 30-35 cm (3PT), 1 year of PT followed by 2 years of RT (PT+2RT), and 2 years of PT followed by 1 year of RT (2PT+RT). Within 20 cm of the surface soil, the 3RT treatment significantly increased the soil quality index (SQI) by 6.0%, 8.8% and 13.1%, respectively, relative to the PT+2RT, 2PT+RT and 3PT treatments. The improvement was closely related to the significant increase in the soil organic carbon (SOC) and available nutrients concentrations in the 0-20 cm depths and the improvement of soil invertase, urease, alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities in the topsoil (0-10 cm). However, the opposite effects were observed in the subsoil (20-40 cm). Compared with the 3RT treatment, the 3PT, 2PT+RT and PT+2RT treatments decreased soil bulk density, and significantly enhanced enzyme activities, resulting in an increase in SQI of 32.6%, 24.4% and 0.7%, respectively, especially in the 3PT and 2PT+RT treatments, the difference was significant. When averaged across to all soil depths, the SQI under the 3RT and 2PT+RT treatments was much higher than that under the other treatments. The yields of wheat and maize under the 2PT+RT treatment were 15.0% and 14.3% higher than those under the 3RT treatment, respectively. The 2PT+RT treatment was the most effective tillage practice. These results suggest that RT in rotation with PT could improve soil quality in the soil profile whilst enhancing crop yield after continuous RT, and the benefits were enhanced with an interval time of one year. Therefore, the 2PT+RT treatment could act as an effective method for both soil quality and crop yield improvement in a wheat-maize cropping system under straw incorporation conditions.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
3RT significantly increased the soil quality index by 6.0% relative to PT+2RT.
Verbatim
e0“a 3-year field study in a wheat-maize cropping system to evaluate the effects of rotary tillage (RT) in rotation with plowing tillage (PT) on soil properties in northern China”
e1“the 3RT treatment significantly increased the soil quality index (SQI) by 6.0%, 8.8% and 13.1%, respectively, relative to the PT+2RT, 2PT+RT and 3PT treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
3RT significantly increased the soil quality index by 8.8% relative to 2PT+RT.
Verbatim
e0“a 3-year field study in a wheat-maize cropping system to evaluate the effects of rotary tillage (RT) in rotation with plowing tillage (PT) on soil properties in northern China”
e1“the 3RT treatment significantly increased the soil quality index (SQI) by 6.0%, 8.8% and 13.1%, respectively, relative to the PT+2RT, 2PT+RT and 3PT treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
3RT significantly increased the soil quality index by 13.1% relative to 3PT.
Verbatim
e0“a 3-year field study in a wheat-maize cropping system to evaluate the effects of rotary tillage (RT) in rotation with plowing tillage (PT) on soil properties in northern China”
e1“the 3RT treatment significantly increased the soil quality index (SQI) by 6.0%, 8.8% and 13.1%, respectively, relative to the PT+2RT, 2PT+RT and 3PT treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The 3PT, 2PT+RT and PT+2RT treatments decreased soil bulk density compared with 3RT.
Verbatim
e0“a 3-year field study in a wheat-maize cropping system to evaluate the effects of rotary tillage (RT) in rotation with plowing tillage (PT) on soil properties in northern China”
e2“Compared with the 3RT treatment, the 3PT, 2PT+RT and PT+2RT treatments decreased soil bulk density”
Claim · model-written summary
3PT increased soil quality index by 32.6% relative to 3RT.
Verbatim
e0“a 3-year field study in a wheat-maize cropping system to evaluate the effects of rotary tillage (RT) in rotation with plowing tillage (PT) on soil properties in northern China”
e2“Compared with the 3RT treatment, the 3PT, 2PT+RT and PT+2RT treatments decreased soil bulk density”
e3“resulting in an increase in SQI of 32.6%, 24.4% and 0.7%, respectively, especially in the 3PT and 2PT+RT treatments, the difference was significant”
Claim · model-written summary
2PT+RT increased soil quality index by 24.4% relative to 3RT.
Verbatim
e0“a 3-year field study in a wheat-maize cropping system to evaluate the effects of rotary tillage (RT) in rotation with plowing tillage (PT) on soil properties in northern China”
e2“Compared with the 3RT treatment, the 3PT, 2PT+RT and PT+2RT treatments decreased soil bulk density”
e3“resulting in an increase in SQI of 32.6%, 24.4% and 0.7%, respectively, especially in the 3PT and 2PT+RT treatments, the difference was significant”
Claim · model-written summary
PT+2RT increased soil quality index by 0.7% relative to 3RT.
Verbatim
e0“a 3-year field study in a wheat-maize cropping system to evaluate the effects of rotary tillage (RT) in rotation with plowing tillage (PT) on soil properties in northern China”
e2“Compared with the 3RT treatment, the 3PT, 2PT+RT and PT+2RT treatments decreased soil bulk density”
e3“resulting in an increase in SQI of 32.6%, 24.4% and 0.7%, respectively, especially in the 3PT and 2PT+RT treatments, the difference was significant”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon and available nutrient concentrations increased in the 0-20 cm depths.
Verbatim
e0“a 3-year field study in a wheat-maize cropping system to evaluate the effects of rotary tillage (RT) in rotation with plowing tillage (PT) on soil properties in northern China”
e4“the significant increase in the soil organic carbon (SOC) and available nutrients concentrations in the 0-20 cm depths”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil invertase, urease, alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities improved in the topsoil.
Verbatim
e0“a 3-year field study in a wheat-maize cropping system to evaluate the effects of rotary tillage (RT) in rotation with plowing tillage (PT) on soil properties in northern China”
e5“the improvement of soil invertase, urease, alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities in the topsoil (0-10 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Opposite effects on soil properties were observed in the subsoil (20-40 cm).
Verbatim
e0“a 3-year field study in a wheat-maize cropping system to evaluate the effects of rotary tillage (RT) in rotation with plowing tillage (PT) on soil properties in northern China”
e6“However, the opposite effects were observed in the subsoil (20-40 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Averaged over all soil depths, SQI under 3RT and 2PT+RT was much higher than under the other treatments.
Verbatim
e0“a 3-year field study in a wheat-maize cropping system to evaluate the effects of rotary tillage (RT) in rotation with plowing tillage (PT) on soil properties in northern China”
e7“the SQI under the 3RT and 2PT+RT treatments was much higher than that under the other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield under 2PT+RT was 15.0% higher than under 3RT.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume7 - Treatment
- 2PT+RTe7
- Outcome
- yieldse7
- Direction
- highere7
- Value
- 15.0%e7
- Comparator
- 3RTe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The yields of wheat and maize under the 2PT+RT treatment were 15.0% and 14.3% higher than those under the 3RT treatment, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize yield under 2PT+RT was 14.3% higher than under 3RT.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The yields of wheat and maize under the 2PT+RT treatment were 15.0% and 14.3% higher than those under the 3RT treatment, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2PT+RT treatment was the most effective tillage practice.
Verbatim
e0“a 3-year field study in a wheat-maize cropping system to evaluate the effects of rotary tillage (RT) in rotation with plowing tillage (PT) on soil properties in northern China”
e1“The 2PT+RT treatment was the most effective tillage practice”
Claim · model-written summary
2PT+RT could act as an effective method for both soil quality and crop yield improvement under straw incorporation.
Verbatim
e0“a 3-year field study in a wheat-maize cropping system to evaluate the effects of rotary tillage (RT) in rotation with plowing tillage (PT) on soil properties in northern China”
e1“the 2PT+RT treatment could act as an effective method for both soil quality and crop yield improvement in a wheat-maize cropping system under straw incorporation conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Benefits of rotation were enhanced with an interval time of one year.
Verbatim
e0“a 3-year field study in a wheat-maize cropping system to evaluate the effects of rotary tillage (RT) in rotation with plowing tillage (PT) on soil properties in northern China”
e1“the benefits were enhanced with an interval time of one year”
The same questions in other papers
tillage · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
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1,115 papers in the same direction as this paper · 257 in the opposite direction · 41 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 1,414 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.