Abstract
Abstract Agroforestry systems are reported as climate‐resilient productive systems, but it is yet unclear how tree shade affects crops performance. The aim of this work was to assess how the phenology, plant traits and grain yield of wheat and barley were affected by shade. In an open greenhouse experiment, we cultivated in pots nine cultivars differing in precocity for each species and imposed three artificial shading levels (S0 ~ 0%, S1 ~ 25%, S2 ~ 50%) at the start of cereal booting. Our results showed that shade speeded up first growth stages in both species, until the starting of milk development. Barley showed consistent phenological responses to the three irradiance levels among cultivars, but not wheat that showed larger phenological differences among cultivars at moderate shade. Deep shade prolonged the time needed for wheat grain ripening. Both species increased grain yield by 15%–20% with shade, driven by shade‐acclimations of plant traits that differed among species. For wheat, grain yield was determined by the assemblage of traits that contribute to yield, such as grain weight, precocity and non‐photochemical quenching, while, for barley, SPAD value, precocity to reach phenological stages, grains per spike and plant height had the strongest influence. These traits varied widely among cultivars and seem of interest to identify best suited cultivars for shading conditions of Mediterranean agroforestry systems.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Shade accelerated early growth stages in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- shadee0
- Outcome
- first growth stagese0
- Direction
- speeded upe0
- Qualifier
- until the starting of milk developmente0
- Comparator
- both speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shade speeded up first growth stages in both species, until the starting of milk development.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade accelerated early growth stages in barley.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- shadee0
- Outcome
- first growth stagese0
- Direction
- speeded upe0
- Qualifier
- until the starting of milk developmente0
- Comparator
- both speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“shade speeded up first growth stages in both species, until the starting of milk development.”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley cultivars responded consistently across three irradiance levels.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- three irradiance levelse0
- Outcome
- phenological responsese0
- Qualifier
- consistente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley showed consistent phenological responses to the three irradiance levels among cultivars, but not wheat that showed larger phenological differences among cultivars at moderate shade.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat cultivars showed greater phenological differences under moderate shade.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- cultivarse0
- Treatment
- moderate shadee0
- Outcome
- phenological differencese0
- Direction
- largere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley showed consistent phenological responses to the three irradiance levels among cultivars, but not wheat that showed larger phenological differences among cultivars at moderate shade.”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep shade prolonged wheat grain ripening.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Deep shadee0
- Outcome
- grain ripeninge0
- Direction
- prolongede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deep shade prolonged the time needed for wheat grain ripening.”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade increased wheat grain yield by 15%–20%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both species increased grain yield by 15%–20% with shade, driven by shade‐acclimations of plant traits that differed among species.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade increased barley grain yield by 15%–20%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both species increased grain yield by 15%–20% with shade, driven by shade‐acclimations of plant traits that differed among species.”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain yield was associated with grain weight, precocity and non-photochemical quenching.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- determinede0
- Qualifier
- grain weight, precocity and non‐photochemical quenchinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For wheat, grain yield was determined by the assemblage of traits that contribute to yield, such as grain weight, precocity and non‐photochemical quenching,”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley yield was most influenced by SPAD value, phenological precocity, grains per spike and plant height.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- strongest influencee0
- Qualifier
- SPAD value, precocity to reach phenological stages, grains per spike and plant heighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for barley, SPAD value, precocity to reach phenological stages, grains per spike and plant height had the strongest influence.”
Claim · model-written summary
The identified shade response traits varied widely among cultivars.
- Taxon
- Wheat and barleyHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cultivarse0
- Outcome
- traitse0
- Direction
- varied widelye0
- Setting
- Mediterranean agroforestry systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These traits varied widely among cultivars and seem of interest to identify best suited cultivars for shading conditions of Mediterranean agroforestry systems.”
t0“Wheat and barley”
The same questions in other papers
shade · yield · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →shade · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 60 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
65 papers more in this group
See all 69 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.