Abstract
Abstract Copper (Cu) pollution of agricultural land is a major threat to crop production. Exogenous chemical treatment is an easily accessible and rapid approach to remediate metal toxicity, including Cu toxicity in plants. We compared the effects of ascobin (ASC; ascorbic acid:citric acid at 2:1) and glutathione (GSH) in mitigation of Cu toxicity in rice. Plants subjected to Cu stress displayed growth inhibition and biomass reduction, which were connected to reduced levels of chlorophylls, RWC, total phenolic compounds, carotenoids and Mg 2+ . Increased accumulation of ROS and malondialdehyde indicated oxidative stress in Cu‐stressed plants. However, application of ASC or GSH minimized the inhibitory effects of Cu stress on rice plants by restricting Cu 2+ uptake and improving mineral balance, chlorophyll content and RWC. Both ASC and GSH pretreatments reduced levels of ROS and malondialdehyde and improved activities of antioxidant enzymes, suggesting their roles in alleviating oxidative damage. A comparison on the effects of ASC and GSH under Cu stress revealed that ASC was more effective in restricting Cu 2+ accumulation (69.5% by ASC and 57.1% by GSH), Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ homeostasis, protection of photosynthetic pigments and activation of antioxidant defence mechanisms [catalase (110.4%), ascorbate peroxidase (76.5%) and guaiacol peroxidase (39.0%) by ASC, and catalase (58.9%) and ascorbate peroxidase (59.9%) by GSH] in rice than GSH, eventually resulting in better protection of ASC‐pretreated plants against Cu stress. In conclusion, although ASC and GSH differed in induction of stress protective mechanisms, both were effective in improving rice performance in response to Cu phytotoxicity.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Copper stress inhibited rice growth and reduced biomass.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Cu stresse0
- Outcome
- growth inhibition and biomass reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants subjected to Cu stress displayed growth inhibition and biomass reduction”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper stress reduced chlorophylls, RWC and total phenolic compounds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cu stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophylls, RWC, total phenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants subjected to Cu stress displayed growth inhibition and biomass reduction, which were connected to reduced levels of chlorophylls, RWC, total phenolic compounds”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper stress reduced carotenoids and Mg 2+ levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cu stresse0
- Outcome
- carotenoids and Mg 2+e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants subjected to Cu stress displayed growth inhibition and biomass reduction, which were connected to reduced levels of chlorophylls, RWC, total phenolic compounds, carotenoids and Mg 2+”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper stress increased ROS and malondialdehyde accumulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cu‐stressede0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ROS and malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- Increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased accumulation of ROS and malondialdehyde indicated oxidative stress in Cu‐stressed plants”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ASC restricted Cu 2+ uptake and improved mineral balance, chlorophyll content and RWC.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ASCe0
- Outcome
- Cu 2+ uptakee0
- Direction
- restrictinge0
- Comparator
- Cu stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of ASC or GSH minimized the inhibitory effects of Cu stress on rice plants by restricting Cu 2+ uptake and improving mineral balance, chlorophyll content and RWC”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH restricted Cu 2+ uptake.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GSHe0
- Outcome
- Cu 2+ uptakee0
- Direction
- restrictinge0
- Comparator
- Cu stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of ASC or GSH minimized the inhibitory effects of Cu stress on rice plants by restricting Cu 2+ uptake and improving mineral balance, chlorophyll content and RWC”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ASC improved mineral balance, chlorophyll content and RWC under copper stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ASCe0
- Outcome
- mineral balance, chlorophyll content and RWCe0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Comparator
- Cu stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of ASC or GSH minimized the inhibitory effects of Cu stress on rice plants by restricting Cu 2+ uptake and improving mineral balance, chlorophyll content and RWC”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH improved mineral balance, chlorophyll content and RWC under copper stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GSHe0
- Outcome
- mineral balance, chlorophyll content and RWCe0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Comparator
- Cu stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of ASC or GSH minimized the inhibitory effects of Cu stress on rice plants by restricting Cu 2+ uptake and improving mineral balance, chlorophyll content and RWC”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ASC pretreatment reduced ROS and malondialdehyde levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ASCe0
- Outcome
- levels of ROS and malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both ASC and GSH pretreatments reduced levels of ROS and malondialdehyde and improved activities of antioxidant enzymes”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH pretreatment reduced ROS and malondialdehyde levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GSHe0
- Outcome
- levels of ROS and malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both ASC and GSH pretreatments reduced levels of ROS and malondialdehyde and improved activities of antioxidant enzymes”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ASC pretreatment improved antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ASCe0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both ASC and GSH pretreatments reduced levels of ROS and malondialdehyde and improved activities of antioxidant enzymes”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH pretreatment improved antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GSHe0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both ASC and GSH pretreatments reduced levels of ROS and malondialdehyde and improved activities of antioxidant enzymes”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ASC restricted Cu 2+ accumulation by 69.5%, more than GSH.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ASCe0
- Outcome
- Cu 2+ accumulatione0
- Direction
- restrictinge0
- Value
- 69.5%e0
- Comparator
- GSHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ASC was more effective in restricting Cu 2+ accumulation (69.5% by ASC and 57.1% by GSH)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH restricted Cu 2+ accumulation by 57.1%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GSHe0
- Outcome
- Cu 2+ accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 57.1%e0
- Comparator
- ASCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cu 2+ accumulation (69.5% by ASC and 57.1% by GSH)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ASC better protected Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ homeostasis and photosynthetic pigments than GSH.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ASCe0
- Outcome
- Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ homeostasis, protection of photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- GSHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ASC was more effective in restricting Cu 2+ accumulation (69.5% by ASC and 57.1% by GSH), Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ homeostasis, protection of photosynthetic pigments”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ASC increased catalase activity by 110.4%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase (110.4%)”
t0“rice”
e1“application of ASC or GSH minimized the inhibitory effects of Cu stress on rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ASC increased ascorbate peroxidase activity by 76.5%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ASCe1
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 76.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbate peroxidase (76.5%)”
t0“rice”
e1“application of ASC or GSH minimized the inhibitory effects of Cu stress on rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ASC increased guaiacol peroxidase activity by 39.0%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ASCe0
- Outcome
- guaiacol peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 39.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“guaiacol peroxidase (39.0%) by ASC”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH increased catalase activity by 58.9%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase (58.9%)”
t0“rice”
e1“application of ASC or GSH minimized the inhibitory effects of Cu stress on rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH increased ascorbate peroxidase activity by 59.9%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GSHe0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 59.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbate peroxidase (59.9%) by GSH”
t0“rice”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.