Abstract
Salinity negatively impacts the bacterial diversity associated with crops in commercial fields; however, Bacillus species -due to their great metabolic/genomic background and spore formation-have shown high resilience to this abiotic stress enhancing the tolerance of plants to saline soils. This work aimed to assess the diversity of cultivable salt-tolerant Bacillus species associated with wheat commercial fields in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico, as well as to identify native salt-tolerant Bacillus strains as promising alternatives to mitigate the negative effects of saline soils on wheat. Thus, based on morphological and molecular (sequencing the 16S rRNA gene) traits related to this genus, fifty-one Bacillus strains were isolated from thirty-six 1 ha-wheat commercial fields in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico [soils showed a gradient of electrical conductivity (E.C.) from 0.6 to 6.4 dS m−1]. These strains were grouped into ten Bacillus species: 1) B. subtilis (25.5%), 2) B. megaterium (25.5%), 3) B. cereus (19.6%), 4) B. amyloliquefaciens (7.8%), 5) B. pumilus (5.9), 6) B. licheniformis (5.9%), 7) B. endophyticus (3.92%), 8) B. atrophaeus (1.96%), 9) B. safensis (1.96%), and 10) B. mojavensis (1.96%). The soil salinity in wheat fields (E.C. 0.6–6.4 dS m−1) and the in vitro salt-tolerance assay (E.C. 6.4 dS m−1) negatively impacted the abundance and diversity of Bacillus species; however, B. licheniformis TRQ65 (isolated from soils having 4.1–5.0 dS m−1) showed the highest tolerance to in vitro saline stress (6.4 dS m−1), increasing its growth 223% under saline vs. non-saline conditions. Finally, the inoculation of B. licheniformis TRQ65 was able to mitigate the negative effects of saline soil conditions on wheat (30 days post-inoculation), since the growth promotion of inoculated seedlings under a saline soil condition (6.4 dS m−1) was similar (no significant differences, p > 0.05) to inoculated wheat seedlings under a non-saline soil condition, which was higher (significant differences, p < 0.05) than un-inoculated wheat seedlings under a non-saline and saline soil. Bacillus licheniformis TRQ65 (recently taxonomically affiliated as B. paralicheniformis TRQ65) is a promising native salt-tolerant strain that needs to be studied in the future for improving wheat growth and yield, under saline or non-saline soils.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Fifty-one Bacillus strains from wheat commercial fields were grouped into ten species.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Interactor
- Bacilluse0symbiont
- Outcome
- fifty-one Bacillus strainse0
- Value
- ten Bacillus speciese1
- Setting
- Yaqui Valley, Mexicoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fifty-one Bacillus strains were isolated from thirty-six 1 ha-wheat commercial fields in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico”
e1“These strains were grouped into ten Bacillus species”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil salinity and an in vitro salt-tolerance assay negatively impacted Bacillus abundance and diversity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- soil salinitye0
- Interactor
- Bacillus speciese0symbiont
- Outcome
- abundance and diversity of Bacillus speciese0
- Direction
- negatively impactede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil salinity in wheat fields (E.C. 0.6–6.4 dS m−1) and the in vitro salt-tolerance assay (E.C. 6.4 dS m−1) negatively impacted the abundance and diversity of Bacillus species”
Claim · model-written summary
B. licheniformis TRQ65 showed the highest in vitro saline stress tolerance, with growth increasing 223% under saline versus non-saline conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- B. licheniformis TRQ65
Bacillus licheniformise0symbiont - Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 223%e0
- Comparator
- non-saline conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. licheniformis TRQ65 (isolated from soils having 4.1–5.0 dS m−1) showed the highest tolerance to in vitro saline stress (6.4 dS m−1), increasing its growth 223% under saline vs. non-saline conditions”
t0“wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth promotion of inoculated wheat seedlings in saline soil was similar to that of inoculated seedlings in non-saline soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the inoculation of B. licheniformis TRQ65e1
- Interactor
- B. licheniformis TRQ65Bacillus licheniformise1symbiont
- Outcome
- growth promotione0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- inoculated wheat seedlings under a non-saline soil conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth promotion of inoculated seedlings under a saline soil condition (6.4 dS m−1) was similar (no significant differences, p > 0.05) to inoculated wheat seedlings under a non-saline soil condition”
t0“wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum)”
e1“the inoculation of B. licheniformis TRQ65”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated wheat seedlings in saline soil grew more than uninoculated wheat seedlings in non-saline and saline soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the inoculation of B. licheniformis TRQ65e2
- Interactor
- B. licheniformis TRQ65Bacillus licheniformise2symbiont
- Outcome
- growth promotione1
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- un-inoculated wheat seedlings under a non-saline and saline soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was higher (significant differences, p < 0.05) than un-inoculated wheat seedlings under a non-saline and saline soil”
e1“the growth promotion of inoculated seedlings under a saline soil condition (6.4 dS m−1)”
e2“the inoculation of B. licheniformis TRQ65”
t0“wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend further study of Bacillus licheniformis TRQ65 for improving wheat growth and yield under saline or non-saline soils.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Bacillus licheniformis TRQ65Bacillus licheniformise0symbiont
- Outcome
- improving wheat growth and yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus licheniformis TRQ65 (recently taxonomically affiliated as B. paralicheniformis TRQ65) is a promising native salt-tolerant strain that needs to be studied in the future for improving wheat growth and yield, under saline or non-saline soils”
t0“wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum)”
The same questions in other papers
Bacillus licheniformis · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
inoculation · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
475 papers in the same direction as this paper · 55 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- positive
- positive
528 papers more in this group
See all 532 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.