Abstract
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a highly infectious virus, that is becoming a threat to tomato production worldwide. In this work we evaluated the localization of ToBRFV particles in tomato seeds, its seed transmission rate and efficacy of disinfection, and the effects of different thermal- and chemical-based treatments on ToBRFV-infected seeds' germination. Analyses demonstrated that ToBRFV was located in the seed coat, sometime in the endosperm, but never in the embryo; its transmission from infected seeds to plantlets occurs by micro-lesions during the germination. The ToBRFV seed transmission rate was 2.8% in cotyledons and 1.8% in the third true leaf. Regarding the different disinfection treatments, they returned 100% of germination at 14 days post-treatment (dpt), except for the treatment with 2% hydrochloric acid +1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 24 h, for which no seed germinated after 14 dpt. All treatments have the ability to inactivate ToBRFV, but in six out of seven treatments ToBRFV was still detectable by RT-qPCR. These results raise many questions about the correct way to carry out diagnosis at customs. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the effective localization of ToBRFV particles in seeds.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
ToBRFV was present in the seed coat.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Organ / stage
- seed coate0
- Interactor
- ToBRFVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- ToBRFV was located in the seed coate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ToBRFV was located in the seed coat, sometime in the endosperm, but never in the embryo”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ToBRFV was sometimes present in the endosperm.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- endosperme0
- Interactor
- ToBRFVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- sometime in the endosperme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ToBRFV was located in the seed coat, sometime in the endosperm, but never in the embryo”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ToBRFV was not found in the embryo.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- embryoe0
- Interactor
- ToBRFVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- never in the embryoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ToBRFV was located in the seed coat, sometime in the endosperm, but never in the embryo”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected seeds transmitted ToBRFV to plantlets through germination micro-lesions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- ToBRFVe1pathogen
- Outcome
- transmission from infected seeds to plantletse0
- Qualifier
- micro-lesions during the germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its transmission from infected seeds to plantlets occurs by micro-lesions during the germination.”
e1“ToBRFV was located in the seed coat”
t0“Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus”
Claim · model-written summary
ToBRFV transmission was 2.8% in cotyledons.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- cotyledonse0
- Interactor
- ToBRFVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- ToBRFV seed transmission ratee0
- Value
- 2.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ToBRFV seed transmission rate was 2.8% in cotyledons and 1.8% in the third true leaf.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ToBRFV transmission was 1.8% in the third true leaf.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- third true leafe0
- Interactor
- ToBRFVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- ToBRFV seed transmission ratee0
- Value
- 1.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ToBRFV seed transmission rate was 2.8% in cotyledons and 1.8% in the third true leaf.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
All disinfection treatments except the specified acid and hypochlorite treatment gave full germination at 14 days.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- different disinfection treatmentse0
- Interactor
- ToBRFVe1pathogen
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- returnede0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Qualifier
- 14 days post-treatment (dpt)e0
- Comparator
- treatment with 2% hydrochloric acid +1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 24 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regarding the different disinfection treatments, they returned 100% of germination at 14 days post-treatment (dpt), except for the treatment with 2% hydrochloric acid +1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 24 h, for which no seed germinated after 14 dpt.”
e1“ToBRFV was located in the seed coat”
t0“Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus”
Claim · model-written summary
The acid and hypochlorite treatment yielded no germinated seeds after 14 days.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- treatment with 2% hydrochloric acid +1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 24 he0
- Outcome
- no seed germinatede0
- Direction
- no seed germinatede0
- Qualifier
- after 14 dpte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with 2% hydrochloric acid +1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 24 h, for which no seed germinated after 14 dpt.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments inactivated ToBRFV.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- All treatmentse0
- Interactor
- ToBRFVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- inactivate ToBRFVe0
- Direction
- inactivatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All treatments have the ability to inactivate ToBRFV, but in six out of seven treatments ToBRFV was still detectable by RT-qPCR.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ToBRFV remained RT-qPCR detectable after six of seven treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- ToBRFVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- ToBRFV was still detectable by RT-qPCRe0
- Value
- six out of seven treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in six out of seven treatments ToBRFV was still detectable by RT-qPCR.”
t0“Tomato”
The same questions in other papers
hydrogen chloride · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
sodium hypochlorite · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.