Abstract
Purpose ThePresent study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of locally available organic mulches on moisture retention, yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop. Methods The crop was grown in a randomized complete block design using pine needle mulch, wheat straw mulch and rice straw mulch as treatments and no mulch serving as control. Results Mulches were able to increase the soil moisture retention through 0.1 m to 0.5 m soil depth. Though mulches behaved differently in soil moisture retention at various depths, the average moisture retention observed for pine needle mulch, rice straw mulch, wheat straw mulch and no mulch was 22.18 %, 21.01 %, 18.52 % and 18.23 %, respectively. The mulches brought about a soil temperature reduction to an extent of 3.3 °C in maximum daily temperature and 1.4-1.8 °C in average soil temperature at 14:00 o'clock during the crop period. The positive effect produced on soil hydrothermal environment was directly reflected through increased leaf area index, plant height and yield. The trend of favourable effect produced by mulches on growth parameters was pine needle mulch > rice straw mulch > wheat straw mulch > no mulch. Mulching increased irrigation water use efficiency by 28.9%, 26.6 % and 12.5 % in pine needle mulch, rice straw mulch and wheat straw mulch, respectively over no mulch. Conclusion Locally available organic materials can effectively be used to increase soil moisture retention, enhance yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Mulches increased soil moisture retention through 0.1 m to 0.5 m soil depth in tomato compared with no mulch.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- Mulchese1
- Outcome
- soil moisture retentione1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Qualifier
- through 0.1 m to 0.5 m soil depthe1
- Comparator
- no mulche2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effectiveness of locally available organic mulches on moisture retention, yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
e1“Mulches were able to increase the soil moisture retention through 0.1 m to 0.5 m soil depth”
e2“no mulch serving as control”
Claim · model-written summary
Average soil moisture retention under pine needle mulch was higher than under no mulch, at 22.18 %.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- pine needle mulche3
- Outcome
- average moisture retentione3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 22.18 %e3
- Comparator
- no mulche3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effectiveness of locally available organic mulches on moisture retention, yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
e3“the average moisture retention observed for pine needle mulch, rice straw mulch, wheat straw mulch and no mulch was 22.18 %, 21.01 %, 18.52 % and 18.23 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Average soil moisture retention under rice straw mulch was higher than under no mulch, at 21.01 %.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- rice straw mulche3
- Outcome
- average moisture retentione3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 21.01 %e3
- Comparator
- no mulche3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effectiveness of locally available organic mulches on moisture retention, yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
e3“the average moisture retention observed for pine needle mulch, rice straw mulch, wheat straw mulch and no mulch was 22.18 %, 21.01 %, 18.52 % and 18.23 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Average soil moisture retention under wheat straw mulch was higher than under no mulch, at 18.52 %.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- wheat straw mulche3
- Outcome
- average moisture retentione3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 18.52 %e3
- Comparator
- no mulche3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effectiveness of locally available organic mulches on moisture retention, yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
e3“the average moisture retention observed for pine needle mulch, rice straw mulch, wheat straw mulch and no mulch was 22.18 %, 21.01 %, 18.52 % and 18.23 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulches reduced maximum daily soil temperature in tomato by 3.3 °C.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- The mulchese4
- Outcome
- maximum daily temperaturee4
- Direction
- reductione4
- Value
- 3.3 °Ce4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effectiveness of locally available organic mulches on moisture retention, yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
e4“The mulches brought about a soil temperature reduction to an extent of 3.3 °C in maximum daily temperature and 1.4-1.8 °C in average soil temperature at 14:00 o'clock during the crop period”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulches reduced average soil temperature in tomato by 1.4-1.8 °C at 14:00.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- The mulchese4
- Outcome
- average soil temperaturee4
- Direction
- reductione4
- Value
- 1.4-1.8 °Ce4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effectiveness of locally available organic mulches on moisture retention, yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
e4“The mulches brought about a soil temperature reduction to an extent of 3.3 °C in maximum daily temperature and 1.4-1.8 °C in average soil temperature at 14:00 o'clock during the crop period”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulches increased leaf area index, plant height and yield of tomato compared with no mulch.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Mulchese1
- Outcome
- leaf area index, plant height and yielde5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- no mulche2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effectiveness of locally available organic mulches on moisture retention, yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
e1“Mulches were able to increase the soil moisture retention through 0.1 m to 0.5 m soil depth”
e2“no mulch serving as control”
e5“directly reflected through increased leaf area index, plant height and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Pine needle mulch had the most favourable effect on growth parameters of tomato, followed by rice straw mulch, wheat straw mulch and no mulch.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- pine needle mulche6
- Outcome
- growth parameterse6
- Direction
- favourablee6
- Comparator
- no mulche6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effectiveness of locally available organic mulches on moisture retention, yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
e6“The trend of favourable effect produced by mulches on growth parameters was pine needle mulch > rice straw mulch > wheat straw mulch > no mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Pine needle mulch increased irrigation water use efficiency of tomato by 28.9% over no mulch.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- pine needle mulche7
- Outcome
- irrigation water use efficiencye7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 28.9%e7
- Comparator
- no mulche7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effectiveness of locally available organic mulches on moisture retention, yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
e7“Mulching increased irrigation water use efficiency by 28.9%, 26.6 % and 12.5 % in pine needle mulch, rice straw mulch and wheat straw mulch, respectively over no mulch. Conclusion Locally available organic materials can effectively be used to increase soil moisture retention, enhance yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw mulch increased irrigation water use efficiency of tomato by 26.6 % over no mulch.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- rice straw mulche7
- Outcome
- irrigation water use efficiencye7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 26.6 %e7
- Comparator
- no mulche7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effectiveness of locally available organic mulches on moisture retention, yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
e7“Mulching increased irrigation water use efficiency by 28.9%, 26.6 % and 12.5 % in pine needle mulch, rice straw mulch and wheat straw mulch, respectively over no mulch. Conclusion Locally available organic materials can effectively be used to increase soil moisture retention, enhance yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw mulch increased irrigation water use efficiency of tomato by 12.5 % over no mulch.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- wheat straw mulche7
- Outcome
- irrigation water use efficiencye7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 12.5 %e7
- Comparator
- no mulche7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effectiveness of locally available organic mulches on moisture retention, yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
e7“Mulching increased irrigation water use efficiency by 28.9%, 26.6 % and 12.5 % in pine needle mulch, rice straw mulch and wheat straw mulch, respectively over no mulch. Conclusion Locally available organic materials can effectively be used to increase soil moisture retention, enhance yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Locally available organic materials should be used as mulch to increase soil moisture retention in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- increase soil moisture retentione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effectiveness of locally available organic mulches on moisture retention, yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
e7“Mulching increased irrigation water use efficiency by 28.9%, 26.6 % and 12.5 % in pine needle mulch, rice straw mulch and wheat straw mulch, respectively over no mulch. Conclusion Locally available organic materials can effectively be used to increase soil moisture retention, enhance yield and irrigation water use efficiency in tomato crop”
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