Abstract
Aim. We aimed to study the impact of water deficit on the concentration of key flavour and phenolic secondary metabolites of wines.Methods and results. A drought-stress field trial was conducted on Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot and Tocai Friulano for two seasons. Fully irrigated (C) and deficit irrigated (D) grapes were microvinified and the resulting wines were analysed to determine the concentrations of anthocyanins, tannins, and free and glycosidically-bound Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). A descriptive sensory test was undertaken on the same wines. Water stressed grapes produced wines with higher concentrations of anthocyanins in Merlot and of free and glycosidically-bound monoterpenes in Tocai Friulano. Both cultivars displayed higher amounts of glycosidically-bound C13-norisoprenoids.Conclusions. Previously observed drought-induced compositional changes to the grapes were transfered to the wines, with an increase in polyphenols and VOCs. However, the timing and the duration of the water stress in the field only heavily impacted the final wine composition with major metabolic modification when the severe water deficit started early (at approximately 40 days after anthesis) and lasted over the entire season until harvest.Significance and impact of the study. This study highlights the positive role of a controlled water deficit on the composition of the wines in terms of secondary metabolites.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Water-stressed Merlot grapes produced wines with higher anthocyanin concentrations than fully irrigated grapes.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera
Vitis viniferae1 - Material
- Merlote3
- Treatment
- Water stressed grapese3
- Outcome
- concentrations of anthocyaninse3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- Fully irrigatede2
- Setting
- field triale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A drought-stress field trial was conducted on Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot and Tocai Friulano for two seasons.”
e2“Fully irrigated (C) and deficit irrigated (D) grapes were microvinified”
e3“Water stressed grapes produced wines with higher concentrations of anthocyanins in Merlot and of free and glycosidically-bound monoterpenes in Tocai Friulano.”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-stressed Tocai Friulano grapes produced wines with higher free and glycosidically-bound monoterpenes than fully irrigated grapes.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Tocai Friulanoe3
- Treatment
- Water stressed grapese3
- Outcome
- free and glycosidically-bound monoterpenese3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- Fully irrigatede2
- Setting
- field triale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A drought-stress field trial was conducted on Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot and Tocai Friulano for two seasons.”
e2“Fully irrigated (C) and deficit irrigated (D) grapes were microvinified”
e3“Water stressed grapes produced wines with higher concentrations of anthocyanins in Merlot and of free and glycosidically-bound monoterpenes in Tocai Friulano.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both Merlot and Tocai Friulano wines from water-stressed grapes had higher glycosidically-bound C13-norisoprenoids than fully irrigated grapes.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Merlot and Tocai Friulanoe1
- Treatment
- Water stressed grapese3
- Outcome
- glycosidically-bound C13-norisoprenoidse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- Fully irrigatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A drought-stress field trial was conducted on Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot and Tocai Friulano for two seasons.”
e2“Fully irrigated (C) and deficit irrigated (D) grapes were microvinified”
e3“Water stressed grapes produced wines with higher concentrations of anthocyanins in Merlot and of free and glycosidically-bound monoterpenes in Tocai Friulano.”
e4“Both cultivars displayed higher amounts of glycosidically-bound C13-norisoprenoids.”
Claim · model-written summary
A severe water deficit that started early (about 40 days after anthesis) and lasted to harvest was associated with major metabolic modification of the final wine composition.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Treatment
- the severe water deficit started early (at approximately 40 days after anthesis) and lasted over the entire season until harveste5
- Outcome
- final wine compositione5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A drought-stress field trial was conducted on Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot and Tocai Friulano for two seasons.”
e5“However, the timing and the duration of the water stress in the field only heavily impacted the final wine composition with major metabolic modification when the severe water deficit started early (at approximately 40 days after anthesis) and lasted over the entire season until harvest.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-induced changes transferred to the wines, with an increase in polyphenols and VOCs relative to fully irrigated grapes.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Treatment
- droughte6
- Outcome
- polyphenols and VOCse6
- Direction
- increasee6
- Comparator
- Fully irrigatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A drought-stress field trial was conducted on Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot and Tocai Friulano for two seasons.”
e2“Fully irrigated (C) and deficit irrigated (D) grapes were microvinified”
e6“Previously observed drought-induced compositional changes to the grapes were transfered to the wines, with an increase in polyphenols and VOCs.”
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