Abstract
Abstract It is great of importance to better understand the effects of the long-term fertilization on crop yields, soil properties and nitrogen (N) use efficiency in a rotation cropping cultivation system under the conditions of frequent soil disturbance. Therefore, a long-term field experiment of 40 years under soybean-maize rotation was performed in a brown soil to investigate the effects of inorganic and organic fertilizers on crop yields, soil properties and nitrogen use efficiency. Equal amounts of 15 N-labelled urea with 20.8% of atom were used and uniformly applied into the micro-plots of the treatments with N, NPK, M 1 NPK, M 2 NPK before soybean sowing, respectively. Analyses showed that a total of 18.3–32.5% of applied N fertilizer was taken up by crops in the first soybean growing season, and that the application of manure combining with chemical fertilizer M 2 NPK demonstrated the highest rate of 15 N recovery and increased soil organic matter (SOM) and Olsen phosphorus (Olsen P), thereby sustaining a higher crop yield and alleviating soil acidification. Data also showed that no significant difference was observed in the 15 N recovery from residue N in the second maize season plant despite of showing a lower 15 N recovery compared with the first soybean season. The recovery rates of 15 N in soils were ranged from 38.2 to 49.7% by the end of the second cropping season, and the residuals of 15 N distribution in soil layers revealed significant differences. The M 2 NPK treatment demonstrated the highest residual amounts of 15 N, and a total of 50% residual 15 N were distributed in a soil layer of 0–20 cm. Our results showed that long-term application of organic fertilizers could effectively promote N use efficiency by increasing SOM and improving soil fertility, and thus leading to an increase in crop yields. This study will provide a scientific reference and guidance for improving soil sustainable productivity by manure application.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Crops took up 18.3–32.5% of applied nitrogen in the first soybean season.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Outcome
- applied N fertilizer was taken up by cropse0
- Value
- 18.3–32.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“18.3–32.5% of applied N fertilizer was taken up by crops in the first soybean growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
M 2 NPK had the highest 15 N recovery.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- M 2 NPKe0
- Outcome
- 15 N recoverye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of manure combining with chemical fertilizer M 2 NPK demonstrated the highest rate of 15 N recovery”
e1“before soybean sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
M 2 NPK increased soil organic matter.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- M 2 NPKe0
- Outcome
- soil organic mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M 2 NPK demonstrated the highest rate of 15 N recovery and increased soil organic matter (SOM) and Olsen phosphorus (Olsen P)”
e1“before soybean sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
M 2 NPK increased Olsen phosphorus.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- M 2 NPKe1
- Outcome
- Olsen phosphoruse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased soil organic matter (SOM) and Olsen phosphorus (Olsen P)”
e1“M 2 NPK demonstrated the highest rate of 15 N recovery”
e2“before soybean sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
M 2 NPK sustained higher crop yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- M 2 NPKe1
- Outcome
- crop yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thereby sustaining a higher crop yield”
e1“M 2 NPK demonstrated the highest rate of 15 N recovery”
e2“before soybean sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
M 2 NPK alleviated soil acidification.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- M 2 NPKe1
- Outcome
- soil acidificatione0
- Direction
- alleviatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating soil acidification”
e1“M 2 NPK demonstrated the highest rate of 15 N recovery”
e2“before soybean sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual nitrogen recovery in second-season maize was lower than first-season soybean, without a significant difference among treatments.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant difference was observed in the 15 N recovery from residue N in the second maize season plant despite of showing a lower 15 N recovery compared with the first soybean season”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil recovered 38.2 to 49.7% of labelled nitrogen by the end of the second cropping season.
Verbatim
e0“The recovery rates of 15 N in soils were ranged from 38.2 to 49.7% by the end of the second cropping season,”
e1“soybean-maize rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual nitrogen distribution differed significantly among soil layers.
Verbatim
e0“the residuals of 15 N distribution in soil layers revealed significant differences”
e1“soybean-maize rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
M 2 NPK left the highest residual soil 15 N.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The M 2 NPK treatment demonstrated the highest residual amounts of 15 N”
e1“soybean-maize rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Half of residual 15 N was in the 0–20 cm soil layer.
Verbatim
e0“a total of 50% residual 15 N were distributed in a soil layer of 0–20 cm”
e1“soybean-maize rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer that long-term organic fertilization improves nitrogen use efficiency by increasing soil organic matter and fertility, raising yields.
Verbatim
e0“long-term application of organic fertilizers could effectively promote N use efficiency by increasing SOM and improving soil fertility, and thus leading to an increase in crop yields”
e1“soybean-maize rotation”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · soil: chemistry · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
72 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
74 papers more in this group
See all 78 papers →fertilization · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1,020 papers in the same direction as this paper · 155 in the opposite direction · 16 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
1,188 papers more in this group
See all 1,192 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.