Abstract
The effect of light on both chilling and break of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) buds was examined using detached shoots in controlled environments and intact shoots in the field. Both chilling and budbreak occurred in total darkness. Light levels of 85 (mu)Em('-2)s('-1) (1979-1980) or 100 or 300 (mu)Em('-2)s('-1) (1980-1981) for 8 hours per day during controlled chilling at 5(DEGREES)C enhanced the rate of bud development upon subsequent forcing. Light levels above 150 (mu)Em('-2)s('-1) during forcing accelerated budbreak, but there was no difference between 8 and 16 hour photoperiods during forcing. Field shoots covered at various times during winter and early spring responded similarly. Dormant apple shoots fixed 7 times as much ('14)CO(,2) at 5(DEGREES)C in the light as in darkness. A controlled chilling technique for flower buds on detached sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) shoots was developed. Chilling accumulated at 5(DEGREES)C, and was nullified at 15(DEGREES)C. A 5/15(DEGREES)C, 16/8 hour daily cycle increased chilling efficiency over constant 5(DEGREES)C. Shoots in which chilling was nullified by 2000 hours at 15(DEGREES)C responded to subsequent chilling at 5(DEGREES)C. Intact trees responded the same as did detached shoots. Shoots collected at different times in the fall responded differently to controlled chilling. Gibberellic acid accelerated budbreak of partially chilled field shoots, or of shoots held for 2000 hours at 15(DEGREES)C (chilling nullified). Chilling accumulation and growing degree hour accumulation overlap, and the end of rest is gradual rather than discrete. Flower buds chilled in the field and in the laboratory were studied using light and electron microscopy. Starch accumulation was examined histochemically using the periodic acid - Schiff (PAS) reaction. While no morphological development occurred until visible budbreak began, starch accumulated significantly in most tissues directly in response to chilling. No major ultrastructural changes accompanied chilling, but starch grains were prevalent in chilled tissue. Cells of buds held at 15(DEGREES)C had irregularly shaped nuclei and more mitochondria than cells of chilled buds. Results of these studies suggested that the chilling mechanism may involve carbohydrate metabolism and transport of food reserves into the buds.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Apple chilling and budbreak occurred in darkness.
- Taxon
- apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)
Malus domesticae1 - Outcome
- chilling and budbreake0
- Setting
- total darknesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both chilling and budbreak occurred in total darkness.”
e1“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Light during chilling enhanced subsequent apple bud development.
- Taxon
- apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)Malus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Light levels of 85 (mu)Em('-2)s('-1) (1979-1980) or 100 or 300 (mu)Em('-2)s('-1) (1980-1981) for 8 hours per daye0
- Outcome
- rate of bud developmente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Light levels of 85 (mu)Em('-2)s('-1) (1979-1980) or 100 or 300 (mu)Em('-2)s('-1) (1980-1981) for 8 hours per day during controlled chilling at 5(DEGREES)C enhanced the rate of bud development upon subsequent forcing.”
e1“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Light above 150 during forcing accelerated apple budbreak.
- Taxon
- apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)Malus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Light levels above 150 (mu)Em('-2)s('-1)e0
- Outcome
- budbreake0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Light levels above 150 (mu)Em('-2)s('-1) during forcing accelerated budbreak”
e1“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight and 16 hour forcing photoperiods did not differ in apple budbreak.
- Taxon
- apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)Malus domesticae1
- Treatment
- 8e0
- Outcome
- no differencee0
- Direction
- no differencee0
- Comparator
- 16 hour photoperiodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no difference between 8 and 16 hour photoperiods during forcing.”
e1“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Dormant apple shoots fixed seven times as much carbon dioxide in light at 5 degrees as in darkness.
- Taxon
- apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)Malus domesticae1
- Treatment
- in the lighte0
- Outcome
- fixed 7 times as much ('14)CO(,2)e0
- Direction
- 7 times as muche0
- Value
- 7 timese0
- Comparator
- in darknesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dormant apple shoots fixed 7 times as much ('14)CO(,2) at 5(DEGREES)C in the light as in darkness.”
e1“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Sour cherry chilling accumulated at 5 degrees.
- Taxon
- sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)
Prunus cerasuse1 - Treatment
- 5(DEGREES)Ce0
- Outcome
- Chillinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chilling accumulated at 5(DEGREES)C”
e1“sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Sour cherry chilling was nullified at 15 degrees.
- Taxon
- sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)Prunus cerasuse1
- Treatment
- 15(DEGREES)Ce0
- Outcome
- Chillinge0
- Direction
- nullifiede0
- Comparator
- 5(DEGREES)Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chilling accumulated at 5(DEGREES)C, and was nullified at 15(DEGREES)C.”
e1“sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
A 5/15 degree cycle increased sour cherry chilling efficiency relative to constant 5 degrees.
- Taxon
- sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)Prunus cerasuse1
- Treatment
- 5/15(DEGREES)C, 16/8 hour daily cyclee0
- Outcome
- chilling efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- constant 5(DEGREES)Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 5/15(DEGREES)C, 16/8 hour daily cycle increased chilling efficiency over constant 5(DEGREES)C.”
e1“sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Sour cherry shoots with chilling nullified by 2000 hours at 15 degrees responded to subsequent chilling.
- Taxon
- sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)Prunus cerasuse1
- Outcome
- responded to subsequent chillinge0
- Qualifier
- 2000 hours at 15(DEGREES)Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoots in which chilling was nullified by 2000 hours at 15(DEGREES)C responded to subsequent chilling at 5(DEGREES)C.”
e1“sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Intact sour cherry trees responded like detached shoots.
- Taxon
- sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)Prunus cerasuse1
- Outcome
- responded the samee0
- Comparator
- detached shootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intact trees responded the same as did detached shoots.”
e1“sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall collection time changed sour cherry shoot responses to chilling.
- Taxon
- sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)Prunus cerasuse1
- Outcome
- responded differently to controlled chillinge0
- Setting
- different times in the falle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoots collected at different times in the fall responded differently to controlled chilling.”
e1“sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid accelerated budbreak of partially chilled or chilling-nullified sour cherry shoots.
- Taxon
- sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)Prunus cerasuse1
- Treatment
- Gibberellic acide0
- Outcome
- budbreake0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Qualifier
- partially chilled field shootse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gibberellic acid accelerated budbreak of partially chilled field shoots, or of shoots held for 2000 hours at 15(DEGREES)C (chilling nullified).”
e1“sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling and growing-degree-hour accumulation overlapped, with gradual end of rest.
- Taxon
- sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)Prunus cerasuse1
- Outcome
- Chilling accumulation and growing degree hour accumulation overlape0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chilling accumulation and growing degree hour accumulation overlap, and the end of rest is gradual rather than discrete.”
e1“sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Sour cherry buds showed no morphological development until visible budbreak.
- Taxon
- sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)Prunus cerasuse1
- Outcome
- no morphological developmente0
- Qualifier
- until visible budbreak begane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While no morphological development occurred until visible budbreak began”
e1“sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling significantly increased starch in most sour cherry bud tissues.
- Taxon
- sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)Prunus cerasuse1
- Organ / stage
- most tissuese0
- Treatment
- chillinge0
- Outcome
- starche0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“starch accumulated significantly in most tissues directly in response to chilling.”
e1“sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling produced no major ultrastructural change in sour cherry buds.
- Taxon
- sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)Prunus cerasuse1
- Treatment
- chillinge0
- Outcome
- ultrastructural changese0
- Direction
- No majore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No major ultrastructural changes accompanied chilling”
e1“sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch grains were prevalent in chilled sour cherry tissue.
- Taxon
- sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)Prunus cerasuse1
- Organ / stage
- chilled tissuee0
- Outcome
- starch grains were prevalente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“starch grains were prevalent in chilled tissue.”
e1“sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
Claim · model-written summary
Sour cherry bud cells held at 15 degrees had irregular nuclei and more mitochondria than chilled buds.
- Taxon
- sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)Prunus cerasuse1
- Outcome
- irregularly shaped nuclei and more mitochondriae0
- Comparator
- cells of chilled budse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cells of buds held at 15(DEGREES)C had irregularly shaped nuclei and more mitochondria than cells of chilled buds.”
e1“sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)”
t0“APPLE AND SOUR CHERRY”
The same questions in other papers
light · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
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- no effect
- negative
- negative
28 papers more in this group
See all 32 papers →light · phenology · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.