Abstract
Background Salinity is one of the most lethal abiotic stresses which affect multiple aspects of plant physiology. Natural variations in plant germplasm are a great resource that could be exploited for improvement in salt tolerance. Eruca sativa (E. sativa) exhibits tolerance to abiotic stresses. However, thorough evaluation of its salt stress tolerance and screening for traits that could be reliably applied for salt tolerance needs to be studied. The current study was designed to characterize 25 E. sativa accessions, originating from diverse geographical regions of Pakistan, for the salt stress tolerance. Methods Salt stress (150 mM NaCl) was applied for 2 weeks to the plants at four leaf stage in hydroponics. Data of the following morpho-physiological traits were collected from control and treated plants of all the accessions: root length (RL), shoot length (SL), plant height (PH), leaf number (LN), leaf area (LA), fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), chlorophyl content (SPAD), electrolyte leakage (EL), relative water content (RWC), gas exchange parameters and mineral ion content. Salt tolerance was determined based on membership function value (MFV) of the tested traits. Results Compared with control, the salt-stressed group had significantly reduced mean SL, RL, PH, LN, LA, FW, DW and SPAD. NaCl treatment triggered a slight increase in EL in few accessions. Mean RWC of control and treated groups were not significantly different although few accessions exhibited variation in this trait. Salt stress caused a significant reduction in photosynthesis rate (PR), transpiration rate (TR) and stomatal conductance (SC) but intercellular CO 2 (Ci) was not significantly different between control and treated groups. Compared with control, the salt-stressed plants accumulated significantly higher Na + , K + and Ca 2+ while significantly lower Mg 2+ . K + /Na + ratio was significantly decreased in salt-stressed plants compared with control. Importantly, significant inter-accession variations were found for all the tested traits. The principal component analysis identified SL, RL, PH, LN, LA, FW, DW and PR as the most significant traits for resolving inter-accession variability. Based on MFV of the tested traits, accessions were categorized into five standard groups. Among 25 accessions, one accession was ranked as highly tolerant, four as tolerant while 15 accessions were ranked as moderately tolerant. Of the remaining five accessions, four were ranked as sensitive while one accession as highly sensitive. Conclusion E. sativa accessions were found to exhibit significant genetic diversity in all the tested traits. A few most significant traits for dissecting the genetic variability were identified that could be used for future large-scale germplasm screening in E. sativa . Salt tolerant accessions could be a good resource for future breeding programs aiming to improve salt stress tolerance.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly reduced shoot length, root length and plant height in Eruca sativa accessions.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativa
Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0 - Treatment
- Salt stress (150 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- SL, RL, PHe2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e1“Salt stress (150 mM NaCl) was applied for 2 weeks to the plants”
e2“Compared with control, the salt-stressed group had significantly reduced mean SL, RL, PH, LN, LA, FW, DW and SPAD”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly reduced leaf number, leaf area and fresh weight in Eruca sativa accessions.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- Salt stress (150 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- LN, LA, FWe2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e1“Salt stress (150 mM NaCl) was applied for 2 weeks to the plants”
e2“Compared with control, the salt-stressed group had significantly reduced mean SL, RL, PH, LN, LA, FW, DW and SPAD”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly reduced dry weight and SPAD chlorophyll content in Eruca sativa accessions.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- Salt stress (150 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- DW and SPADe2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e1“Salt stress (150 mM NaCl) was applied for 2 weeks to the plants”
e2“Compared with control, the salt-stressed group had significantly reduced mean SL, RL, PH, LN, LA, FW, DW and SPAD”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl treatment slightly increased electrolyte leakage in a few Eruca sativa accessions.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente3
- Outcome
- ELe3
- Direction
- increasee3
- Qualifier
- in few accessionse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e3“NaCl treatment triggered a slight increase in EL in few accessions”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean relative water content did not differ significantly between control and salt-treated Eruca sativa.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- Salt stress (150 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- RWCe4
- Direction
- not significantly differente4
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e1“Salt stress (150 mM NaCl) was applied for 2 weeks to the plants”
e4“Mean RWC of control and treated groups were not significantly different”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly reduced photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in Eruca sativa.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse5
- Outcome
- photosynthesis rate (PR), transpiration rate (TR) and stomatal conductance (SC)e5
- Direction
- reductione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e1“Salt stress (150 mM NaCl) was applied for 2 weeks to the plants”
e5“Salt stress caused a significant reduction in photosynthesis rate (PR), transpiration rate (TR) and stomatal conductance (SC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercellular CO2 concentration did not differ significantly between control and salt-treated Eruca sativa.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- Salt stress (150 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- intercellular CO 2 (Ci)e6
- Direction
- not significantly differente6
- Comparator
- controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e1“Salt stress (150 mM NaCl) was applied for 2 weeks to the plants”
e6“intercellular CO 2 (Ci) was not significantly different between control and treated groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-stressed Eruca sativa accumulated significantly more Na+, K+ and Ca2+ than controls.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- salt-stressed plantse7
- Outcome
- Na + , K + and Ca 2+e7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- controle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e7“Compared with control, the salt-stressed plants accumulated significantly higher Na + , K + and Ca 2+ while significantly lower Mg 2+”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-stressed Eruca sativa accumulated significantly less Mg2+ than controls.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- salt-stressed plantse7
- Outcome
- Mg 2+e7
- Direction
- lowere7
- Comparator
- controle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e7“Compared with control, the salt-stressed plants accumulated significantly higher Na + , K + and Ca 2+ while significantly lower Mg 2+”
Claim · model-written summary
The K+/Na+ ratio was significantly decreased in salt-stressed Eruca sativa compared with control.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- salt-stressed plantse0
- Outcome
- K + /Na + ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e0“K + /Na + ratio was significantly decreased in salt-stressed plants compared with control”
Claim · model-written summary
Significant inter-accession variation was found for all tested traits in Eruca sativa.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Outcome
- significant inter-accession variationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e0“significant inter-accession variations were found for all the tested traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Principal component analysis identified SL, RL, PH, LN, LA, FW, DW and PR as the most significant traits for resolving inter-accession variability in Eruca sativa.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Outcome
- most significant traits for resolving inter-accession variabilitye0
- Qualifier
- SL, RL, PH, LN, LA, FW, DW and PRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e0“The principal component analysis identified SL, RL, PH, LN, LA, FW, DW and PR as the most significant traits for resolving inter-accession variability”
Claim · model-written summary
One Eruca sativa accession was ranked as highly tolerant to salt.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Outcome
- ranked as highly tolerante0
- Value
- one accessione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e0“Among 25 accessions, one accession was ranked as highly tolerant, four as tolerant while 15 accessions were ranked as moderately tolerant”
Claim · model-written summary
Four Eruca sativa accessions were ranked as tolerant to salt.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Outcome
- as tolerante0
- Value
- foure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e0“Among 25 accessions, one accession was ranked as highly tolerant, four as tolerant while 15 accessions were ranked as moderately tolerant”
Claim · model-written summary
15 Eruca sativa accessions were ranked as moderately tolerant to salt.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Outcome
- ranked as moderately tolerante0
- Value
- 15 accessionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e0“Among 25 accessions, one accession was ranked as highly tolerant, four as tolerant while 15 accessions were ranked as moderately tolerant”
Claim · model-written summary
Four Eruca sativa accessions were ranked as sensitive to salt.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Outcome
- ranked as sensitivee0
- Value
- foure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e0“Of the remaining five accessions, four were ranked as sensitive while one accession as highly sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
One Eruca sativa accession was ranked as highly sensitive to salt.
- Taxon
- Eruca sativaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativat0
- Outcome
- highly sensitivee0
- Value
- one accessione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eruca sativa accessions”
e0“Of the remaining five accessions, four were ranked as sensitive while one accession as highly sensitive”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.