Abstract
In South Asia's rice-based cropping systems, most farmers flood and repetitively till their fields before transplanting. This establishment method, commonly termed puddled transplanted rice (TPR), is costly. In addition, it is labor and energy intensive. To increase labor and energy efficiency in rice production, reduced or zero-tilled direct seeded rice (ZT-DSR) is commonly proposed as an alternative tillage and crop establishment (TCE) option. Effective management of weeds in ZT-DSR however remains a major challenge. We conducted a four-year experiment under a rice-maize rotation in Northwestern Bangladesh in the eastern Gangetic Plains to examine the performance of two TCE methods and three weed management regimes (WMR) on the diversity and competitiveness of weed communities in the rice phase of the rotation. The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index, a measure of species diversity, was significantly greater under ZT-DSR than puddled TPR. It was also greater under no weed control (Weedy) and two manual weeding (MW) treatments compared to chemical herbicide with manual weeding (C + MW). In DSR Weedy plots, weed communities began shifting from grasses to sedges from the rotation's second year, while in the ZT-DSR and C + MW treatments, sedges were consistently predominant. In both puddled TPR Weedy and TPR C + MW treatments, broadleaves and grasses were dominant in the initial year, while sedges dominated in the final year. There were significant main effects of year (Y) and weed management regime (WMR), but not of TCE. Significant Y × TCE and TCE × WMR interaction effects on rice yield were also observed. Grain yields under ZT-DSR were similar to puddled TPR. ZT-DSR with one application of pre-emergence herbicide followed by one hand weeding at 28 days after establishment however resulted in significantly higher grain yield (5.34 t ha−1) compared the other weed management regimes. Future research should address methods to effectively manage weed community composition shifts in both ZT-DSR and TPR under rice-maize rotations utilizing integrated and low-cost strategies that can be readily applied by farmers in the eastern Gangetic Plains.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Weed diversity was significantly greater under ZT-DSR than puddled TPR.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- ZT-DSRe0
- Interactor
- weedt1weed
- Outcome
- Shannon-Weiner Diversity Indexe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- puddled TPRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice yields”
t1“weed community”
e0“The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index, a measure of species diversity, was significantly greater under ZT-DSR than puddled TPR.”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed diversity was greater with no weed control than chemical herbicide plus manual weeding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- no weed control (Weedy)e0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- chemical herbicide with manual weeding (C + MW)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice yields”
e0“It was also greater under no weed control (Weedy) and two manual weeding (MW) treatments compared to chemical herbicide with manual weeding (C + MW).”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed diversity was greater with two manual weedings than chemical herbicide plus manual weeding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- two manual weeding (MW) treatmentse0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- chemical herbicide with manual weeding (C + MW)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice yields”
e0“It was also greater under no weed control (Weedy) and two manual weeding (MW) treatments compared to chemical herbicide with manual weeding (C + MW).”
Claim · model-written summary
In unweeded DSR plots, weed communities shifted from grasses toward sedges beginning in the second rotation year.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSR Weedye0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed communitiese0
- Direction
- shifting from grasses to sedgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice yields”
e0“In DSR Weedy plots, weed communities began shifting from grasses to sedges from the rotation's second year”
Claim · model-written summary
Sedges were consistently predominant under ZT-DSR with chemical herbicide and manual weeding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ZT-DSR and C + MW treatmentse0
- Outcome
- sedges were consistently predominante0
CarexNot reportedInteractor roleDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice yields”
e0“in the ZT-DSR and C + MW treatments, sedges were consistently predominant”
Claim · model-written summary
In puddled TPR without weed control, broadleaves and grasses dominated initially, followed by sedges in the final year.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- puddled TPR Weedye0
- Outcome
- broadleaves and grasses were dominant in the initial year, while sedges dominated in the final yeare0
Not reportedInteractorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice yields”
e0“In both puddled TPR Weedy and TPR C + MW treatments, broadleaves and grasses were dominant in the initial year, while sedges dominated in the final year.”
Claim · model-written summary
In puddled TPR with chemical herbicide and manual weeding, broadleaves and grasses dominated initially, followed by sedges in the final year.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- TPR C + MWe0
- Outcome
- broadleaves and grasses were dominant in the initial year, while sedges dominated in the final yeare0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice yields”
e0“In both puddled TPR Weedy and TPR C + MW treatments, broadleaves and grasses were dominant in the initial year, while sedges dominated in the final year.”
Claim · model-written summary
Year and weed management regime had significant main effects on rice yield, whereas establishment method did not.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- weed management regime (WMR)e0
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were significant main effects of year (Y) and weed management regime (WMR), but not of TCE.”
e1“Significant Y × TCE and TCE × WMR interaction effects on rice yield were also observed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Year by establishment method and establishment method by weed management regime had significant interactions on rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- TCE × WMRe0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant Y × TCE and TCE × WMR interaction effects on rice yield were also observed.”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT-DSR and puddled TPR had similar grain yields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ZT-DSRe0
- Outcome
- Grain yieldse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- puddled TPRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice yields”
e0“Grain yields under ZT-DSR were similar to puddled TPR.”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT-DSR with pre-emergence herbicide and hand weeding at 28 days yielded 5.34 t ha−1, significantly more than other weed regimes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ZT-DSR with one application of pre-emergence herbicide followed by one hand weeding at 28 days after establishmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.34 t ha−1e0
- Comparator
- the other weed management regimese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice yields”
e0“ZT-DSR with one application of pre-emergence herbicide followed by one hand weeding at 28 days after establishment however resulted in significantly higher grain yield (5.34 t ha−1) compared the other weed management regimes.”
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