Abstract
Weed infestation and inherent low soil fertility are among the major factors attributed to the low yield of rice in Nigeria. Field trials were therefore conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen application levels and weed control methods on growth and yield of upland rice (var. NERICA 2) at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (07o 15?N, 03o 25?E) during 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons. Three nitrogen (N) levels (0, 60 and 90 kg/ha) were evaluated and they constituted the main plot treatments, while three weed control treatments, viz: pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus? (propanil plus 2, 4-D) at 2.0 kg a.i ha-1, Orizo Plus? at 2.0 kg a.i ha-1 followed by supplementary hoe weeding (SHW) at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) and three hoe-weeding regimes at 3, 6 and 9 WAS, and a weedy check constituted the sub-plot treatments. All the treatments in different combinations were laid out in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. Results indicated a significant (p?0.05) increase in weed density and dry matter with an increase in N application level from 0 to 90 kg ha-1. Similarly, crop vigour and plant height increased significantly (p?0.05) with increasing N application levels up to 90 kg ha-1. However, 60 and 90 kg N ha-1 were at par in increasing the number of tillers, leaf area index and yield attributes of rice. All the weed control methods resulted in a significant (p?0.05) reduction in weed density and dry matter with subsequent increase in rice growth and yield than the weedy check. Pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus? followed by SHW at 6 WAS and three hoe-weeding regimes resulted in significantly (p?0.05) lower weed density and dry matter, and a higher number of tillers, panicle weight and grain yield than a sole application of Orizo Plus?. With Orizo Plus? followed by one SHW or three hoe-weeding regimes, increasing N application levels resulted in a significant (p?0.05) increase in grain yield of rice. However, with Orizo Plus? applied alone, increasing N application levels did not increase rice grain yield. These results suggest that Orizo Plus? at 2.0 kg a.iha-1 followed by one SHW at 6 WAS integrated with N application at 90 kg ha-1 is adequate to effectively control weeds and increase rice yield in the rainforest-savannah transition zone of Nigeria.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing N from 0 to 90 kg ha-1 significantly increased weed density and dry matter.
- Taxon
- upland rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- N application level from 0 to 90 kg ha-1e0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed density and dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results indicated a significant (p?0.05) increase in weed density and dry matter with an increase in N application level from 0 to 90 kg ha-1.”
t0“Effect of nitrogen levels and weed management methods on weed abundance and yield of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop vigour and plant height significantly increased with nitrogen up to 90 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing N application levels up to 90 kg ha-1e0
- Outcome
- crop vigour and plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, crop vigour and plant height increased significantly (p?0.05) with increasing N application levels up to 90 kg ha-1.”
t0“Effect of nitrogen levels and weed management methods on weed abundance and yield of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen at 60 and 90 kg ha-1 gave similar increases in tiller number, leaf area index and yield attributes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 60 and 90 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- number of tillers, leaf area index and yield attributese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, 60 and 90 kg N ha-1 were at par in increasing the number of tillers, leaf area index and yield attributes of rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control methods significantly reduced weed density and dry matter relative to the weedy check.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- weed control methodse0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed density and dry mattere0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the weed control methods resulted in a significant (p?0.05) reduction in weed density and dry matter with subsequent increase in rice growth and yield than the weedy check.”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control methods increased rice growth and yield relative to the weedy check.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- weed control methodse0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- rice growth and yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the weed control methods resulted in a significant (p?0.05) reduction in weed density and dry matter with subsequent increase in rice growth and yield than the weedy check.”
Claim · model-written summary
Orizo Plus followed by supplementary hoe weeding gave lower weed density and dry matter than Orizo Plus alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Orizo Plus? followed by SHW at 6 WASe0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed density and dry mattere0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- sole application of Orizo Plus?e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus? followed by SHW at 6 WAS and three hoe-weeding regimes resulted in significantly (p?0.05) lower weed density and dry matter, and a higher number of tillers, panicle weight and grain yield than a sole application of Orizo Plus?.”
t0“Effect of nitrogen levels and weed management methods on weed abundance and yield of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Three hoe-weeding regimes gave lower weed density and dry matter than Orizo Plus alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- three hoe-weeding regimese0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed density and dry mattere0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- sole application of Orizo Plus?e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus? followed by SHW at 6 WAS and three hoe-weeding regimes resulted in significantly (p?0.05) lower weed density and dry matter, and a higher number of tillers, panicle weight and grain yield than a sole application of Orizo Plus?.”
t0“Effect of nitrogen levels and weed management methods on weed abundance and yield of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Orizo Plus followed by supplementary hoe weeding gave higher tiller number, panicle weight and grain yield than Orizo Plus alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Orizo Plus? followed by SHW at 6 WASe0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- number of tillers, panicle weight and grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- sole application of Orizo Plus?e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus? followed by SHW at 6 WAS and three hoe-weeding regimes resulted in significantly (p?0.05) lower weed density and dry matter, and a higher number of tillers, panicle weight and grain yield than a sole application of Orizo Plus?.”
t0“Effect of nitrogen levels and weed management methods on weed abundance and yield of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Three hoe-weeding regimes gave higher tiller number, panicle weight and grain yield than Orizo Plus alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- three hoe-weeding regimese0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- number of tillers, panicle weight and grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- sole application of Orizo Plus?e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus? followed by SHW at 6 WAS and three hoe-weeding regimes resulted in significantly (p?0.05) lower weed density and dry matter, and a higher number of tillers, panicle weight and grain yield than a sole application of Orizo Plus?.”
t0“Effect of nitrogen levels and weed management methods on weed abundance and yield of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing N significantly increased rice grain yield with Orizo Plus plus one supplementary hoe weeding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- increasing N application levelse0
- Outcome
- grain yield of ricee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- Orizo Plus? followed by one SHWe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With Orizo Plus? followed by one SHW or three hoe-weeding regimes, increasing N application levels resulted in a significant (p?0.05) increase in grain yield of rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing N significantly increased rice grain yield with three hoe-weeding regimes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- increasing N application levelse0
- Outcome
- grain yield of ricee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- three hoe-weeding regimese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With Orizo Plus? followed by one SHW or three hoe-weeding regimes, increasing N application levels resulted in a significant (p?0.05) increase in grain yield of rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing N did not increase grain yield when Orizo Plus was applied alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- increasing N application levelse0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
- Qualifier
- Orizo Plus? applied alonee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, with Orizo Plus? applied alone, increasing N application levels did not increase rice grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend Orizo Plus followed by one hoe weeding plus 90 kg ha-1 N for weed control and rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Orizo Plus? at 2.0 kg a.iha-1 followed by one SHW at 6 WAS integrated with N application at 90 kg ha-1e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- control weeds and increase rice yielde0
- Setting
- rainforest-savannah transition zone of Nigeriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results suggest that Orizo Plus? at 2.0 kg a.iha-1 followed by one SHW at 6 WAS integrated with N application at 90 kg ha-1 is adequate to effectively control weeds and increase rice yield in the rainforest-savannah transition zone of Nigeria.”
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