Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine the incidence and possible causal pathogen(s) of premature apple fruit drop (PAFD), and also to assess some fungicides for controlling the disease organisms, in order to promote a sustainable system in orchards. The prevalence and natural incidence of apple fruit drop in cv. Anna was assessed during the 2017–2018 growing seasons in Nubaria and Cairo–Alexandria regions, Egypt. Phytopathogenic fungi were isolated from dropped fruit, and four fungicides, pyraclostrobin + boscalid, difenoconazole, carbendazim, and thiophanate methyl, were tested against the diseases in vitro and under naturally occurring infections in the field. Several phytopathogenic fungi, including Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium semitectum, and Penicillium spp., were associated with apple fruit drop. A. alternata was the most frequently isolated fungus occurring during the investigation. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that the maximum percentage of apple fruit drop was noted when petioles and fruits were inoculated with mixed fungal pathogens using branch sections with fruit. In vitro tests showed that the fungicides had a variable effect against the fungal isolates depending on the concentration used. All fungicides completely inhibited the growth of A. alternata, C. cladosporioides, and F. semitectum at 400 mg·L−1. Under naturally occurring infections, thiophanate methyl applied at fruit set had the greatest effect (81.68%) against PAFD, followed by difenoconazole (73.76%), pyraclostrobin + boscalid (70.29%), and carbendazim (66.34%). The results indicated that PAFD may in part be a result of diseases caused by certain phytopathogenic fungi, which could be controlled using a number of fungicides applied at the beginning of fruit set.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium semitectum and Penicillium spp. were associated with apple fruit drop.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Interactor
- Alternaria alternata
.jpg?width=60)
Alternaria alternatae0pathogen - Second interactor
- Cladosporium cladosporioides
Cladosporium cladosporioidese0pathogen - Outcome
- apple fruit drope0
- Qualifier
- Fusarium semitectum, and Penicillium spp.e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Several phytopathogenic fungi, including Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium semitectum, and Penicillium spp., were associated with apple fruit drop”
Claim · model-written summary
A. alternata was the most frequently isolated fungus from dropped apple fruit.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae0pathogen
- Outcome
- most frequently isolated funguse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. alternata was the most frequently isolated fungus”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
In pathogenicity tests the maximum apple fruit drop occurred when petioles and fruits were inoculated with mixed fungal pathogens on branch sections with fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- petioles and fruitse0
- Treatment
- inoculated with mixed fungal pathogense0
- Interactor
- mixed fungal pathogense0pathogen
- Outcome
- maximum percentage of apple fruit drope0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum percentage of apple fruit drop was noted when petioles and fruits were inoculated with mixed fungal pathogens using branch sections with fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro, all four fungicides completely inhibited the growth of A. alternata, C. cladosporioides and F. semitectum at 400 mg per L.
- Treatment
- All fungicidese0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- C. cladosporioidesCladosporium cladosporioidese0pathogen
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- 400 mg·L−1e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All fungicides completely inhibited the growth of A. alternata, C. cladosporioides, and F. semitectum at 400 mg·L−1”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro, the fungicides had a variable effect on the fungal isolates depending on concentration.
- Treatment
- fungicidese0
- Outcome
- effect against the fungal isolatese0
- Direction
- variablee0
- Qualifier
- depending on the concentration usede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“the fungicides had a variable effect against the fungal isolates depending on the concentration used”
Claim · model-written summary
Under natural infection, thiophanate methyl applied at fruit set had the greatest effect against premature apple fruit drop (81.68%).
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- thiophanate methyl applied at fruit sete0
- Outcome
- PAFDe0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 81.68%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thiophanate methyl applied at fruit set had the greatest effect (81.68%) against PAFD”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Under natural infection, difenoconazole reduced premature apple fruit drop by 73.76%, second after thiophanate methyl.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- difenoconazolee0
- Outcome
- PAFDe0
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Value
- 73.76%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“against PAFD, followed by difenoconazole (73.76%)”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Under natural infection, pyraclostrobin + boscalid reduced premature apple fruit drop by 70.29%.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pyraclostrobin + boscalide0
- Outcome
- PAFDe0
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Value
- 70.29%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PAFD, followed by difenoconazole (73.76%), pyraclostrobin + boscalid (70.29%)”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Under natural infection, carbendazim reduced premature apple fruit drop by 66.34%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“against PAFD, followed by difenoconazole (73.76%), pyraclostrobin + boscalid (70.29%), and carbendazim (66.34%)”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that premature apple fruit drop may in part result from diseases caused by certain phytopathogenic fungi.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- phytopathogenic fungie0pathogen
- Outcome
- PAFDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PAFD may in part be a result of diseases caused by certain phytopathogenic fungi”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude the fungi could be controlled with fungicides applied at the beginning of fruit set.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- controlled using a number of fungicides applied at the beginning of fruit sete0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which could be controlled using a number of fungicides applied at the beginning of fruit set”
t0“Apple”
The same questions in other papers
thiophanate-methyl · yield · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
difenoconazole · yield · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.