Abstract
Supplemental lighting is required for the production of high-quality vegetable transplants in greenhouses when the photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) is low. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are a promising alternative to high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. However, there are a limited number of studies that have evaluated how LED supplemental lighting spectral quality beyond blue (B) and red (R) radiation influences plant growth and development. Seeds of hybrid greenhouse seedless cucumber ‘Elsie’ ( Cucumis sativus ), tomato ‘Climstar’ ( Solanum lycopersicum ), and pepper ‘Kathia’ ( Capsicum annuum ) were sown and placed into a dark growth chamber until radicle emergence. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse at a 25 °C constant temperature set point and under five lighting treatments. The supplemental lighting treatments delivered a total photon flux density ( TPFD ) of 120 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 for 16 h·d −1 based on an instantaneous threshold from HPS lamps or LEDs [three treatments composed of B (400–500 nm), R (600–700 nm), white, and/or far-red (FR; 700–800 nm) LEDs], and a control that delivered 25 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 from HPS lamps (HPS 25 ). The LED treatments defined by their wavebands ( TPFD in μmol·m −2 ·s –1 ) of B, green (G, 500–600 nm), R, and FR radiation were B 20 G 10 R 75 FR 15 , B 25 R 95 , and B 30 G 30 R 60 ; whereas the HPS treatments emitted B 7 G 57 R 47 FR 9 (HPS 120 ) and B 1 G 13 R 9 FR 2 (HPS 25 ). Generally, cucumber, pepper, and tomato transplants under B 30 G 30 R 60 and HPS 120 supplemental lighting had the greatest stem diameter. Fresh weight and leaf area of all three species was greater when G radiation replaced R or B radiation. For example, leaf area and fresh weight of cucumber, tomato, and pepper increased (by 33%, 22%, and 49%; and 35%, 14%, and 56%, respectively) for plants under B 30 G 30 R 60 supplemental lighting compared with plants under B 25 R 95 supplemental lighting. The most compact cucumber and pepper transplants were those grown under B 25 R 95 supplemental lighting, and the most compact tomatoes were those grown under the HPS 25 (control) and B 25 R 95 supplemental lighting. Tomato transplants under treatments providing ≥30 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 of G radiation had an increased incidence of leaf necrosis. From this study, we conclude that plant responses to supplemental lighting quality are generally genera-specific, and therefore high-wire transplants should be separated by genera to optimize production and quality. However, additional studies are required to provide complete LED supplemental lighting recommendations.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber, pepper, and tomato under B30G30R60 and HPS120 generally had greatest stem diameter.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse0 - Treatment
- B 30 G 30 R 60 and HPS 120 supplemental lightinge0
- Outcome
- stem diametere0
- Direction
- greateste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Generally, cucumber, pepper, and tomato transplants under B 30 G 30 R 60 and HPS 120 supplemental lighting had the greatest stem diameter.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber leaf area increased 33% under B30G30R60 versus B25R95.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- B 30 G 30 R 60e0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33%e0
- Comparator
- B 25 R 95e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf area and fresh weight of cucumber, tomato, and pepper increased (by 33%, 22%, and 49%; and 35%, 14%, and 56%, respectively) for plants under B 30 G 30 R 60 supplemental lighting compared with plants under B 25 R 95 supplemental lighting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato leaf area increased 22%.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- B 30 G 30 R 60e0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Comparator
- B 25 R 95e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf area and fresh weight of cucumber, tomato, and pepper increased (by 33%, 22%, and 49%; and 35%, 14%, and 56%, respectively) for plants under B 30 G 30 R 60 supplemental lighting compared with plants under B 25 R 95 supplemental lighting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pepper leaf area increased 49%.
Verbatim
e0“leaf area and fresh weight of cucumber, tomato, and pepper increased (by 33%, 22%, and 49%; and 35%, 14%, and 56%, respectively) for plants under B 30 G 30 R 60 supplemental lighting compared with plants under B 25 R 95 supplemental lighting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber fresh weight increased 35%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- B 30 G 30 R 60e0
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Comparator
- B 25 R 95e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf area and fresh weight of cucumber, tomato, and pepper increased (by 33%, 22%, and 49%; and 35%, 14%, and 56%, respectively) for plants under B 30 G 30 R 60 supplemental lighting compared with plants under B 25 R 95 supplemental lighting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato fresh weight increased 14%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B 30 G 30 R 60e0
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- B 25 R 95e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf area and fresh weight of cucumber, tomato, and pepper increased (by 33%, 22%, and 49%; and 35%, 14%, and 56%, respectively) for plants under B 30 G 30 R 60 supplemental lighting compared with plants under B 25 R 95 supplemental lighting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pepper fresh weight increased 56%.
Verbatim
e0“leaf area and fresh weight of cucumber, tomato, and pepper increased (by 33%, 22%, and 49%; and 35%, 14%, and 56%, respectively) for plants under B 30 G 30 R 60 supplemental lighting compared with plants under B 25 R 95 supplemental lighting.”
Claim · model-written summary
B25R95 produced the most compact cucumber transplants.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- B 25 R 95e0
- Outcome
- most compacte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most compact cucumber and pepper transplants were those grown under B 25 R 95 supplemental lighting”
Claim · model-written summary
B25R95 produced the most compact pepper transplants.
Verbatim
e0“The most compact cucumber and pepper transplants were those grown under B 25 R 95 supplemental lighting”
Claim · model-written summary
HPS25 and B25R95 produced the most compact tomato transplants.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- HPS 25 (control) and B 25 R 95e0
- Outcome
- most compacte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most compact tomatoes were those grown under the HPS 25 (control) and B 25 R 95 supplemental lighting.”
Claim · model-written summary
At least 30 units of green radiation increased tomato leaf necrosis.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- ≥30 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 of G radiatione0
- Outcome
- incidence of leaf necrosise0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato transplants under treatments providing ≥30 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 of G radiation had an increased incidence of leaf necrosis.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend separating high-wire transplants by genus.
- Outcome
- high-wire transplants should be separated by generae0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“high-wire transplants should be separated by genera to optimize production and quality.”
The same questions in other papers
radiation · crop injury · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.