Abstract
Bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating plant disease that inflicts heavy losses to the large number of economic host plants it infects. The potential of dried powder of the Conyza canadensis to control bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato was explored in vitro and in planta. Three application times (16 days before transplanting (DBT), 8 DBT and 0 DBT), three plastic-mulch durations (10 days plastic mulching (DPM), 5DPM and 0DPM) and four doses viz. 0 g, 8 g, 16 g and 24 g of the plant powder were evaluated. SEM analysis was also conducted to observe the change in bacterial cell morphology. Ethanol extract of dried C. canadensis in different concentrations inhibited the in vitro growth of R. solanacearum by as much as 98% of that produced by ampicillin. As evident from the scanning electron micrograph, the highest concentration produced severe morphologic changes, such as rupture of the bacterial cell walls and cell contents leaked out. Results from application time and dose experiment demonstrated that the highest powder dose viz. 24 g kg−1 mixed with infested soil 16 DBT gave maximum root length (34.0 ± 2.5 cm), plant height (74.3 ± 4.7 cm), fresh biomass (58.3 ± 4.3 g), reduction in bacterial population (1.52 log10) and resulted in lowest AUDPC value (1156.6). In case of mulching duration and dose experiment the maximum root length (39.6 ± 3.2 cm), plant height (78.3 ± 5.8 cm), fresh biomass (65.6 ± 4.9 g) reduction in bacterial population (1.59 log10) and lowest AUDPC value (1251.6) was achieved through the application of highest powder dose viz. 24 g kg−1 and longest plastic mulching duration of 10 DPM. The better results of highest dose and longer application time can be explained on the basis of higher amounts of anti-microbial plant bio-active compounds in highest dose and the longer exposure time of the pathogen to these chemicals. The better results of longer mulching duration are due to faster and more complete decomposition (because of 10-days-long plastic-mulch-provided increased solar heat) of the dried powder which produced more amounts of volatile and non-volatile bactericidal compounds. Our results clearly suggest that the use of 24 g kg−1 dried plant powder of C. canadensis plastic-mulched for two weeks could be used as a reliable component of the integrated disease management program against BW.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Conyza extract inhibited Ralstonia growth in vitro up to 98% of ampicillin activity.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- Ethanol extract of dried C. canadensise0
- Interactor
- R. solanacearum
Ralstonia solanacearume0pathogen - Outcome
- growth of R. solanacearume0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 98%e0
- Comparator
- ampicilline0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethanol extract of dried C. canadensis in different concentrations inhibited the in vitro growth of R. solanacearum by as much as 98% of that produced by ampicillin”
e1“bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest extract concentration ruptured Ralstonia cell walls and caused leakage.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- highest concentratione0
- Interactor
- R. solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume1pathogen
- Outcome
- rupture of the bacterial cell walls and cell contents leaked oute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest concentration produced severe morphologic changes, such as rupture of the bacterial cell walls and cell contents leaked out”
e1“growth of R. solanacearum”
e2“bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Powder at 24 g kg−1 applied 16 days before transplanting gave maximum tomato root length of 34.0 ± 2.5 cm.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 24 g kg−1 mixed with infested soil 16 DBTe0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 34.0 ± 2.5 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest powder dose viz. 24 g kg−1 mixed with infested soil 16 DBT gave maximum root length (34.0 ± 2.5 cm)”
e1“bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The same powder treatment gave maximum plant height of 74.3 ± 4.7 cm.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 24 g kg−1 mixed with infested soil 16 DBTe0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 74.3 ± 4.7 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“24 g kg−1 mixed with infested soil 16 DBT gave maximum root length (34.0 ± 2.5 cm), plant height (74.3 ± 4.7 cm)”
e1“bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The same powder treatment gave maximum fresh biomass of 58.3 ± 4.3 g.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 24 g kg−1 mixed with infested soil 16 DBTe0
- Outcome
- fresh biomasse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 58.3 ± 4.3 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“24 g kg−1 mixed with infested soil 16 DBT gave maximum root length (34.0 ± 2.5 cm), plant height (74.3 ± 4.7 cm), fresh biomass (58.3 ± 4.3 g)”
e1“bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The same powder treatment reduced bacterial population by 1.52 log10.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 24 g kg−1 mixed with infested soil 16 DBTe0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume2pathogen
- Outcome
- bacterial populatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 1.52 log10e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“24 g kg−1 mixed with infested soil 16 DBT gave maximum root length (34.0 ± 2.5 cm), plant height (74.3 ± 4.7 cm), fresh biomass (58.3 ± 4.3 g), reduction in bacterial population (1.52 log10)”
e1“bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato”
e2“Ralstonia solanacearum”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment gave the lowest AUDPC value of 1156.6.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 24 g kg−1 mixed with infested soil 16 DBTe0
- Outcome
- AUDPCe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 1156.6e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“24 g kg−1 mixed with infested soil 16 DBT gave maximum root length (34.0 ± 2.5 cm), plant height (74.3 ± 4.7 cm), fresh biomass (58.3 ± 4.3 g), reduction in bacterial population (1.52 log10) and resulted in lowest AUDPC value (1156.6)”
e1“bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The 24 g kg−1 powder dose with 10 days mulching gave maximum root length of 39.6 ± 3.2 cm.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 24 g kg−1 and longest plastic mulching duration of 10 DPMe0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 39.6 ± 3.2 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum root length (39.6 ± 3.2 cm), plant height (78.3 ± 5.8 cm), fresh biomass (65.6 ± 4.9 g) reduction in bacterial population (1.59 log10) and lowest AUDPC value (1251.6) was achieved through the application of highest powder dose viz. 24 g kg−1 and longest plastic mulching duration of 10 DPM”
e1“bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The mulched powder treatment gave maximum plant height of 78.3 ± 5.8 cm.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 24 g kg−1 and longest plastic mulching duration of 10 DPMe0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 78.3 ± 5.8 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum root length (39.6 ± 3.2 cm), plant height (78.3 ± 5.8 cm), fresh biomass (65.6 ± 4.9 g) reduction in bacterial population (1.59 log10) and lowest AUDPC value (1251.6) was achieved through the application of highest powder dose viz. 24 g kg−1 and longest plastic mulching duration of 10 DPM”
e1“bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The mulched powder treatment gave maximum fresh biomass of 65.6 ± 4.9 g.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 24 g kg−1 and longest plastic mulching duration of 10 DPMe0
- Outcome
- fresh biomasse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 65.6 ± 4.9 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum root length (39.6 ± 3.2 cm), plant height (78.3 ± 5.8 cm), fresh biomass (65.6 ± 4.9 g) reduction in bacterial population (1.59 log10) and lowest AUDPC value (1251.6) was achieved through the application of highest powder dose viz. 24 g kg−1 and longest plastic mulching duration of 10 DPM”
e1“bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The mulched powder treatment reduced bacterial population by 1.59 log10.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 24 g kg−1 and longest plastic mulching duration of 10 DPMe0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume2pathogen
- Outcome
- bacterial populatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 1.59 log10e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum root length (39.6 ± 3.2 cm), plant height (78.3 ± 5.8 cm), fresh biomass (65.6 ± 4.9 g) reduction in bacterial population (1.59 log10) and lowest AUDPC value (1251.6) was achieved through the application of highest powder dose viz. 24 g kg−1 and longest plastic mulching duration of 10 DPM”
e1“bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato”
e2“Ralstonia solanacearum”
Claim · model-written summary
The mulched powder treatment gave the lowest AUDPC value of 1251.6.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 24 g kg−1 and longest plastic mulching duration of 10 DPMe0
- Outcome
- AUDPCe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 1251.6e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum root length (39.6 ± 3.2 cm), plant height (78.3 ± 5.8 cm), fresh biomass (65.6 ± 4.9 g) reduction in bacterial population (1.59 log10) and lowest AUDPC value (1251.6) was achieved through the application of highest powder dose viz. 24 g kg−1 and longest plastic mulching duration of 10 DPM”
e1“bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend 24 g kg−1 dried Conyza powder under plastic mulch as an integrated wilt management component.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 24 g kg−1 dried plant powder of C. canadensis plastic-mulched for two weekse0
- Outcome
- reliable component of the integrated disease management program against BWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of 24 g kg−1 dried plant powder of C. canadensis plastic-mulched for two weeks could be used as a reliable component of the integrated disease management program against BW”
e1“bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato”
The same questions in other papers
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.