Abstract
The study investigated the effect of foliar application of gibberellic acid (GA3) and cytokinin on antioxidative enzymes, chlorophyll content and grain yield of maize. Three factor randomized block design (RBD) was used to carry out the investigation in experimental farm of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar during 2012-13. The field experiment was laid out in Fe-deficient soil (Fe < 0.5 ppm) with contrasting cultivars of maize. The factors were: i) Fe-efficient (Suwan) vs. inefficient cultivar (Shaktiman-3); ii) ‘control’ (no Fe-spray) vs. one soil application of Fe (20 kg ha-1) + two foliar spray of Fe as 0.5% ferrous sulphate at pre-flowering and 7-days after flowering; and iii) foliar application of phytohormones viz., GA3 at10 and 20 ppm; cytokinin at10 and 20 ppm and their combinations. Application of Fe and phytohormones significantly increased enzymes activity like catalase, peroxidise and superoxide dismutase. The highest activity was observed with combined application of cytokinin + GA3 at10 ppm. For example, the value of catalase increased from 196.0 to 217.0 µmol/min/g fresh protein, and peroxidase from 90.0 to 103.0 Units mg-1 fresh protein. There were significant increases in chlorophyll content of leaves, and grain yield with combined application of cytokinin + GA3 at 10 ppm. The maximum chlorophyll content was recorded in ‘Suwan’ (32.7 SPAD value) having treatment Fe application plus GA3 + cytokinin at10 ppm each. Grain yield increased significantly from 58.6 to 64.6 q ha-1 in ‘Suwan’ provided with Fe application and GA3+ cytokinin at10 ppm each compared to control (50.3 q ha-1). Results indicated that phytohormones were involved in regulation of nutrient availability and conversely mineral nutrients influenced hormone biosynthesis suggesting a relationship between hormones and nutritional homeostasis. Conclusion: Exogenous application of phytohormones could alleviate Fe deficiency stresses in maize and application of Fe and phytohormones acted synergistically. Hence, application of GA3 + cytokinin at 10 ppm may be done to alleviate Fe stress and to improve grain yield of maize.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Iron and phytohormone application significantly increased catalase, peroxidise and superoxide dismutase activities.
- Treatment
- Fe and phytohormonese0
- Outcome
- catalase, peroxidise and superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of Fe and phytohormones significantly increased enzymes activity like catalase, peroxidise and superoxide dismutase”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined cytokinin and GA3 at 10 ppm produced the highest enzyme activity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest activity was observed with combined application of cytokinin + GA3 at10 ppm”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity increased from 196.0 to 217.0 µmol/min/g fresh protein.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the value of catalase increased from 196.0 to 217.0 µmol/min/g fresh protein”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxidase activity increased from 90.0 to 103.0 Units mg-1 fresh protein.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peroxidase from 90.0 to 103.0 Units mg-1 fresh protein”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined cytokinin and GA3 at 10 ppm significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content.
- Treatment
- combined application of cytokinin + GA3 at 10 ppme0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content of leavese0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were significant increases in chlorophyll content of leaves, and grain yield with combined application of cytokinin + GA3 at 10 ppm”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined cytokinin and GA3 at 10 ppm significantly increased grain yield.
- Treatment
- combined application of cytokinin + GA3 at 10 ppme0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were significant increases in chlorophyll content of leaves, and grain yield with combined application of cytokinin + GA3 at 10 ppm”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Suwan under iron, GA3 and cytokinin application had the maximum chlorophyll content of 32.7 SPAD.
- Material
- Suwane0
- Treatment
- Fe application plus GA3 + cytokinin at10 ppm eache0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 32.7 SPAD valuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum chlorophyll content was recorded in ‘Suwan’ (32.7 SPAD value) having treatment Fe application plus GA3 + cytokinin at10 ppm each”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Suwan grain yield increased significantly to 64.6 q ha-1 with iron, GA3 and cytokinin application compared with the control at 50.3 q ha-1.
- Material
- Suwane0
- Treatment
- Fe application and GA3+ cytokinin at10 ppm eache0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 64.6 q ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- 50.3 q ha-1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield increased significantly from 58.6 to 64.6 q ha-1 in ‘Suwan’ provided with Fe application and GA3+ cytokinin at10 ppm each compared to control (50.3 q ha-1)”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest reciprocal regulation between phytohormones and mineral nutrients in nutrient availability and hormone biosynthesis.
- Outcome
- nutritional homeostasise0
- Qualifier
- phytohormones were involved in regulation of nutrient availability and conversely mineral nutrients influenced hormone biosynthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phytohormones were involved in regulation of nutrient availability and conversely mineral nutrients influenced hormone biosynthesis suggesting a relationship between hormones and nutritional homeostasis”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that exogenous phytohormones can alleviate iron-deficiency stress in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of phytohormones could alleviate Fe deficiency stresses in maize and application of Fe and phytohormones acted synergistically”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that iron and phytohormones act synergistically.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of Fe and phytohormones acted synergistically”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend GA3 plus cytokinin at 10 ppm to alleviate iron stress and improve maize grain yield.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of GA3 + cytokinin at 10 ppm may be done to alleviate Fe stress and to improve grain yield of maize”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.