Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of pre-harvest glyphosate application on spring wheat quality characteristics, ranging from kernel quality to baking quality. Two wheat cultivars were grown in three locations, and glyphosate was applied at the recommended rate at the soft dough stage (early application) and the ripe stage (recommended application time). When glyphosate was applied at the soft dough stage, kernel weight, wheat protein and wet gluten decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05), however, gluten index significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05). Dough quality, farinograph stability, and quality number were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher when glyphosate was applied at the soft dough stage, and absorption and the mixing tolerance index were lower. As for baking quality, loaf volume and mix time were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in the treated samples in comparison to the untreated control, and other baking quality characteristics did not show any significant difference. Overall, the results indicate that spring wheat quality characteristics are impacted to the greatest degree when glyphosate is applied earlier than recommended at the soft dough stage, as opposed to the recommended application at the ripe stage of physiological development.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Early glyphosate application at the soft dough stage significantly decreased kernel weight, wheat protein and wet gluten of spring wheat.
- Taxon
- Spring Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- glyphosate was applied at the soft dough stagee1
- Outcome
- kernel weight, wheat protein and wet glutene1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- ripe stage (recommended application time)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat Quality Characteristics”
e0“glyphosate was applied at the recommended rate at the soft dough stage (early application) and the ripe stage (recommended application time)”
e1“When glyphosate was applied at the soft dough stage, kernel weight, wheat protein and wet gluten decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Early glyphosate application at the soft dough stage significantly increased the gluten index of spring wheat.
- Taxon
- Spring WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- glyphosate was applied at the soft dough stagee1
- Outcome
- gluten indexe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- ripe stage (recommended application time)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat Quality Characteristics”
e0“glyphosate was applied at the recommended rate at the soft dough stage (early application) and the ripe stage (recommended application time)”
e1“When glyphosate was applied at the soft dough stage, kernel weight, wheat protein and wet gluten decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05)”
e2“gluten index significantly increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Early glyphosate application at the soft dough stage significantly raised dough quality, farinograph stability and quality number of spring wheat.
- Taxon
- Spring WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- glyphosate was applied at the soft dough stagee3
- Outcome
- Dough quality, farinograph stability, and quality numbere3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- ripe stage (recommended application time)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat Quality Characteristics”
e0“glyphosate was applied at the recommended rate at the soft dough stage (early application) and the ripe stage (recommended application time)”
e3“Dough quality, farinograph stability, and quality number were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher when glyphosate was applied at the soft dough stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Early glyphosate application at the soft dough stage lowered absorption and mixing tolerance index of spring wheat.
- Taxon
- Spring WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- glyphosate was applied at the soft dough stagee1
- Outcome
- absorption and the mixing tolerance indexe4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Comparator
- ripe stage (recommended application time)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat Quality Characteristics”
e0“glyphosate was applied at the recommended rate at the soft dough stage (early application) and the ripe stage (recommended application time)”
e1“When glyphosate was applied at the soft dough stage, kernel weight, wheat protein and wet gluten decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05)”
e4“absorption and the mixing tolerance index were lower”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate pre-harvest application raised loaf volume and mix time of spring wheat relative to untreated control.
- Taxon
- Spring WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treated samplese5
- Outcome
- loaf volume and mix timee5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- untreated controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat Quality Characteristics”
e5“loaf volume and mix time were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in the treated samples in comparison to the untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Other baking quality characteristics of glyphosate-treated spring wheat did not differ from the untreated control.
- Taxon
- Spring WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treated samplese5
- Outcome
- other baking quality characteristicse6
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
- Comparator
- untreated controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat Quality Characteristics”
e5“loaf volume and mix time were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in the treated samples in comparison to the untreated control”
e6“other baking quality characteristics did not show any significant difference”
The same questions in other papers
glyphosate · quality: general · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
glyphosate · quality: protein · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.