Abstract
Adding green [G (500–600 nm)] radiation to blue [B (400–500 nm)] and red [R (600–700 nm)] radiation creates white radiation and improves crop inspection at indoor farms. Although G radiation can drive photosynthesis and elicit the shade-avoidance response, its effects on plant growth and morphology have been inconsistent. We postulated G radiation would counter the suppression of crop growth and promotion of secondary metabolism by B radiation depending on the B photon flux density ( PFD ). Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse. At the same photosynthetic photon flux density [ PPFD (400–700 nm)] of 180 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 , plants were grown under warm-white LEDs or increasing B PFD s at 0, 20, 60, and 100 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 with or without substituting the remaining R radiation with 60 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 of G radiation. Biomass and leaf expansion were negatively correlated with the B PFD with or without G radiation. For example, increasing the B PFD decreased fresh and dry mass by up to 63% and 54%, respectively. The inclusion of G radiation did not affect shoot dry mass at 0 or 20 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 of B radiation, but it decreased it at 60 or 100 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 of B radiation. Results suggest that the shade-avoidance response is strongly elicited by low B radiation and repressed by high B radiation, rendering G radiation ineffective at controlling morphology. Moreover, substituting R radiation with G radiation likely reduced the quantum yield. Otherwise, G radiation barely influenced morphology, foliage coloration, essential nutrients, or sensory attributes regardless of the B PFD . Increasing the B PFD increased red foliage coloration and the concentrations of several macronutrients (e.g., nitrogen and magnesium) and micronutrients (e.g., zinc and copper). Consumers preferred plants grown under sole-source lighting over those grown in the greenhouse, which were more bitter and less acceptable, flavorful, and sweet. We concluded that lettuce phenotypes are primarily controlled by B radiation and that G radiation maintains or suppresses lettuce growth depending on the B PFD .
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass and leaf expansion were negatively correlated with blue photon flux density in lettuce, with or without green radiation.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa
Lactuca sativae1 - Material
- Rouxaie1
- Treatment
- B PFDe2
- Outcome
- Biomass and leaf expansione2
- Direction
- negatively correlatede2
- Setting
- growth roome1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e2“Biomass and leaf expansion were negatively correlated with the B PFD with or without G radiation”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing blue PFD decreased fresh mass of lettuce by up to 63%.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- B PFDe3
- Outcome
- fresh and dry masse3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 63%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e3“increasing the B PFD decreased fresh and dry mass by up to 63% and 54%”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing blue PFD decreased dry mass of lettuce by up to 54%.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- B PFDe3
- Outcome
- fresh and dry masse3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 54%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e3“increasing the B PFD decreased fresh and dry mass by up to 63% and 54%”
Claim · model-written summary
Green radiation did not affect shoot dry mass of lettuce at 0 or 20 blue PFD.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- G radiatione4
- Outcome
- shoot dry masse4
- Direction
- did not affecte4
- Qualifier
- at 0 or 20e4
- Comparator
- without G radiatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e2“Biomass and leaf expansion were negatively correlated with the B PFD with or without G radiation”
e4“The inclusion of G radiation did not affect shoot dry mass at 0 or 20”
Claim · model-written summary
Green radiation decreased shoot dry mass of lettuce at 60 or 100 blue PFD.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- G radiatione4
- Outcome
- shoot dry masse4
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Qualifier
- at 60 or 100e5
- Comparator
- without G radiatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e2“Biomass and leaf expansion were negatively correlated with the B PFD with or without G radiation”
e4“The inclusion of G radiation did not affect shoot dry mass at 0 or 20”
e5“but it decreased it at 60 or 100”
Claim · model-written summary
The shade-avoidance response of lettuce is strongly elicited by low blue radiation and repressed by high blue radiation.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- low B radiatione6
- Outcome
- shade-avoidance responsee6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e6“Results suggest that the shade-avoidance response is strongly elicited by low B radiation and repressed by high B radiation”
Claim · model-written summary
Substituting red radiation with green radiation likely reduced the quantum yield of lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- substituting R radiation with G radiatione7
- Outcome
- quantum yielde7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Comparator
- R radiatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e7“substituting R radiation with G radiation likely reduced the quantum yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Green radiation barely influenced lettuce morphology, foliage coloration or essential nutrients.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- G radiatione0
- Outcome
- morphology, foliage coloration, essential nutrientse0
- Direction
- barely influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e0“G radiation barely influenced morphology, foliage coloration, essential nutrients, or sensory attributes regardless of the B PFD”
Claim · model-written summary
Green radiation barely influenced lettuce sensory attributes.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- G radiatione0
- Outcome
- sensory attributese0
- Direction
- barely influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e0“G radiation barely influenced morphology, foliage coloration, essential nutrients, or sensory attributes regardless of the B PFD”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing blue PFD increased red foliage coloration of lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- B PFDe0
- Outcome
- red foliage coloratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e0“Increasing the B PFD increased red foliage coloration and the concentrations of several macronutrients (e.g., nitrogen and magnesium) and micronutrients (e.g., zinc and copper)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing blue PFD increased macronutrient concentrations (nitrogen and magnesium) in lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- B PFDe0
- Compound
- nitrogene0
- Outcome
- concentrations of several macronutrientse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e0“Increasing the B PFD increased red foliage coloration and the concentrations of several macronutrients (e.g., nitrogen and magnesium) and micronutrients (e.g., zinc and copper)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing blue PFD increased micronutrient concentrations (zinc and copper) in lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- B PFDe0
- Compound
- zinc and coppere0
- Outcome
- micronutrientse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e0“Increasing the B PFD increased red foliage coloration and the concentrations of several macronutrients (e.g., nitrogen and magnesium) and micronutrients (e.g., zinc and copper)”
Claim · model-written summary
Consumers preferred lettuce grown under sole-source lighting over lettuce grown in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- sole-source lightinge0
- Outcome
- Consumers preferrede0
- Direction
- preferrede0
- Comparator
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e0“Consumers preferred plants grown under sole-source lighting over those grown in the greenhouse, which were more bitter and less acceptable, flavorful, and sweet”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse-grown lettuce was more bitter than sole-source-grown lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- greenhousee0
- Outcome
- bittere0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- sole-source lightinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e0“Consumers preferred plants grown under sole-source lighting over those grown in the greenhouse, which were more bitter and less acceptable, flavorful, and sweet”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse-grown lettuce was less acceptable, flavorful and sweet than sole-source-grown lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- greenhousee0
- Outcome
- acceptable, flavorful, and sweete0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- sole-source lightinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e0“Consumers preferred plants grown under sole-source lighting over those grown in the greenhouse, which were more bitter and less acceptable, flavorful, and sweet”
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce phenotypes are primarily controlled by blue radiation.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- B radiatione0
- Outcome
- lettuce phenotypese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e0“We concluded that lettuce phenotypes are primarily controlled by B radiation”
Claim · model-written summary
Green radiation maintains or suppresses lettuce growth depending on blue PFD.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- G radiatione0
- Outcome
- lettuce growthe0
- Direction
- maintains or suppressese0
- Qualifier
- depending on the B PFDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ‘Rouxai’) was grown in a growth room under nine sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 20-hour photoperiod or in a greenhouse”
e0“G radiation maintains or suppresses lettuce growth depending on the B PFD”
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