Abstract
Two application methods of calcium (Ca), fertigation and spray, were investigated regarding their effects on Botrytis blight on petunia ( Petunia × hybrida ) flowers. Plants were grown for 6 weeks with three nutrient solutions consisting of 0, 100, or 200 mg·L −1 Ca and weekly calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) sprays of 0, 750, or 1500 mg·L −1 Ca for a total of nine treatment combinations. Flowers were harvested, inoculated with Botrytis spores, placed in humidity chambers, and evaluated for Botrytis blight severity. Disease severity decreased by 57% and 70% when flowers were treated with Ca spray applications of 750 and 1500 mg·L −1 Ca, respectively; however, no change in disease severity occurred across the Ca fertigation applications. Ca concentration in the flower petal tissue increased with the Ca spray applications: the flower petal Ca concentration increased from 0.26% to 0.65% of tissue dry mass (DM) as the Ca spray application rate increased from 0 to 1500 mg·L −1 . However, no change was observed across the Ca fertigation treatments. Leaf tissue Ca concentration increased from 2.1% to 3.2% DM as the fertigation solution increased from 0 to 200 mg·L −1 Ca, whereas spray application had no significant effects of leaf tissue Ca concentration. The results demonstrate that spray application is a more effective technique than fertigation application to provide higher Ca tissue concentrations in flowers, and that the Ca concentration in flower petal tissue is an important consideration when evaluating tissue susceptibility to Botrytis blight. Because of the high rate of fungicide resistance to Botrytis cinerea found in commercial greenhouses, spray applications of CaCl 2 are an important disease management tool for commercial growers.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Ca spray applications decreased Botrytis blight severity by 57%.
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
Petunia
BotrytisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Botrytis Blight Severity on Petunia Flowers”
e1“Disease severity decreased by 57% and 70% when flowers were treated with Ca spray applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca spray applications at the higher rate decreased Botrytis blight severity by 70%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Botrytis Blight Severity on Petunia Flowers”
e1“Disease severity decreased by 57% and 70% when flowers were treated with Ca spray applications”
Claim · model-written summary
No change in Botrytis blight severity occurred across Ca fertigation applications.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Botrytis Blight Severity on Petunia Flowers”
e2“no change in disease severity occurred across the Ca fertigation applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca spray applications increased the flower petal Ca concentration from 0.26% to 0.65% of tissue dry mass.
- Treatment
- Ca spray applicationse4
- Outcome
- flower petal Ca concentratione3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 0.26% to 0.65%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Botrytis Blight Severity on Petunia Flowers”
e3“the flower petal Ca concentration increased from 0.26% to 0.65% of tissue dry mass (DM)”
e4“Ca concentration in the flower petal tissue increased with the Ca spray applications”
Claim · model-written summary
No change in flower petal Ca concentration occurred across Ca fertigation treatments.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Botrytis Blight Severity on Petunia Flowers”
e3“the flower petal Ca concentration increased from 0.26% to 0.65% of tissue dry mass (DM)”
e5“However, no change was observed across the Ca fertigation treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertigation solution increased leaf tissue Ca concentration from 2.1% to 3.2% of dry mass.
- Treatment
- fertigation solutione6
- Outcome
- Leaf tissue Ca concentratione6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 2.1% to 3.2%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Botrytis Blight Severity on Petunia Flowers”
e6“Leaf tissue Ca concentration increased from 2.1% to 3.2% DM as the fertigation solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray application had no significant effect on leaf tissue Ca concentration.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Botrytis Blight Severity on Petunia Flowers”
e7“whereas spray application had no significant effects of leaf tissue Ca concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray application was more effective than fertigation application for higher Ca tissue concentrations in flowers.
- Treatment
- spray applicatione1
- Outcome
- Ca tissue concentrations in flowerse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- fertigation applicatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Botrytis Blight Severity on Petunia Flowers”
e1“spray application is a more effective technique than fertigation application to provide higher Ca tissue concentrations in flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
Petal Ca concentration is an important consideration when evaluating tissue susceptibility to Botrytis blight.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Botrytis Blight Severity on Petunia Flowers”
e1“the Ca concentration in flower petal tissue is an important consideration when evaluating tissue susceptibility to Botrytis blight”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray applications of CaCl2 are an important disease management tool for commercial growers.
- Outcome
- disease management toole1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Botrytis Blight Severity on Petunia Flowers”
e1“spray applications of CaCl 2 are an important disease management tool for commercial growers”
The same questions in other papers
calcium atom · Botrytis · Petunia (petunia)Results agree
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- positive
calcium atom · nutrient: content · Petunia (petunia)Results agree
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application · phenology · Petunia (petunia)Positive and negative results
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See all 5 papers →fertilization · nutrient: content · Petunia (petunia)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.