Abstract
Abstract Background Seed dormancy is a prevailing condition in which seeds are unable to germinate, even under favorable environmental conditions. Harvested Brassica oleracea (Chinese cabbage) seeds are dormant and normally germinate (poorly) at 21 °C. This study investigated the connections between ethylene, nitric oxide (NO), and karrikin 1 (KAR1) in the dormancy release of secondary dormant Brassica oleracea seeds. Results NO and KAR1 were found to induce seed germination, and stimulated the production of ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and both ethylene biosynthesis enzyme ACC oxidase (ACO) [1] and ACC synthase (ACS) [2]. In the presence of NO and KAR1, ACS and ACO activity reached maximum levels after 36 and 48 h, respectively. The inhibitor of ethylene 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD) had an adverse effect on Brassica oleracea seed germination (inhibiting nearly 50% of germination) in the presence of NO and KAR1. The benefits from NO and KAR1 in the germination of secondary dormant Brassica oleracea seeds were also associated with a marked increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H 2 O 2 and O 2 ˙ˉ) and antioxidant enzyme activity at early germination stages. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity increased 2 d and 4 d, respectively, after treatment, while no significant changes were observed in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity under NO and KAR1 applications. An increase in H 2 O 2 and O 2 ˙ˉ levels were observed during the entire incubation period, which increasing ethylene production in the presence of NO and KAR1. Abscisic acid (ABA) contents decreased and glutathione reductase (GA) contents increased in the presence of NO and KAR1. Gene expression studies were carried out with seven ethylene biosynthesis ACC synthases (ACS) genes, two ethylene receptors (ETR) genes and one ACO gene. Our results provide more evidence for the involvement of ethylene in inducing seed germination in the presence of NO and KAR1. Three out of seven ethylene biosynthesis genes ( BOACS7, BOACS9 and BOACS11 ), two ethylene receptors ( BOETR1 and BOETR2 ) and one ACO gene ( BOACO1 ) were up-regulated in the presence of NO and KAR1. Conclusion Consequently, ACS activity, ACO activity and the expression of different ethylene related genes increased, modified the ROS level, antioxidant enzyme activity, and ethylene biosynthesis pathway and successfully removed (nearly 98%) of the seed dormancy of secondary dormant Brassica olereace seeds after 7 days of NO and KAR1 application.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
NO and KAR1 induced seed germination of secondary dormant Brassica oleracea seeds.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea
Brassica oleraceat0 - Treatment
- NO and KAR1e0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds”
e0“NO and KAR1 were found to induce seed germination, and stimulated the production of ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and both ethylene biosynthesis enzyme ACC oxidase (ACO) [1] and ACC synthase (ACS) [2]”
Claim · model-written summary
NO and KAR1 stimulated the production of ethylene and ACC.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceat0
- Treatment
- NO and KAR1e0
- Outcome
- production of ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)e0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds”
e0“NO and KAR1 were found to induce seed germination, and stimulated the production of ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and both ethylene biosynthesis enzyme ACC oxidase (ACO) [1] and ACC synthase (ACS) [2]”
Claim · model-written summary
NO and KAR1 stimulated ethylene biosynthesis enzymes ACC oxidase (ACO) and ACC synthase (ACS).
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceat0
- Treatment
- NO and KAR1e0
- Outcome
- ethylene biosynthesis enzyme ACC oxidase (ACO) [1] and ACC synthase (ACS) [2]e0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds”
e0“NO and KAR1 were found to induce seed germination, and stimulated the production of ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and both ethylene biosynthesis enzyme ACC oxidase (ACO) [1] and ACC synthase (ACS) [2]”
Claim · model-written summary
ACS and ACO activity in the presence of NO and KAR1 reached maximum levels after 36 and 48 h, respectively.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceat0
- Treatment
- NO and KAR1e1
- Gene
- ACS and ACOe1
- Outcome
- activitye1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 36 and 48 he1
- Qualifier
- respectivelye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds”
e1“In the presence of NO and KAR1, ACS and ACO activity reached maximum levels after 36 and 48 h, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethylene inhibitor 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD) inhibited seed germination by nearly 50% in the presence of NO and KAR1.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD)e2
- Outcome
- seed germinatione2
- Direction
- inhibitinge2
- Value
- nearly 50%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds”
e2“The inhibitor of ethylene 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD) had an adverse effect on Brassica oleracea seed germination (inhibiting nearly 50% of germination) in the presence of NO and KAR1”
Claim · model-written summary
The benefits of NO and KAR1 for germination were associated with an increase in reactive oxygen species in Brassica oleracea seeds.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceat0
- Treatment
- NO and KAR1e3
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS)e3
- Direction
- increasee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds”
e3“The benefits from NO and KAR1 in the germination of secondary dormant Brassica oleracea seeds were also associated with a marked increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H 2 O 2 and O 2 ˙ˉ) and antioxidant enzyme activity at early germination stages”
Claim · model-written summary
The benefits of NO and KAR1 for germination were associated with an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity in Brassica oleracea seeds.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceat0
- Treatment
- NO and KAR1e3
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitye3
- Direction
- increasee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds”
e3“The benefits from NO and KAR1 in the germination of secondary dormant Brassica oleracea seeds were also associated with a marked increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H 2 O 2 and O 2 ˙ˉ) and antioxidant enzyme activity at early germination stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity increased 2 days after treatment in Brassica oleracea seeds.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceat0
- Gene
- Catalase (CAT)e4
- Outcome
- activitye4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 2 de4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds”
e4“Catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity increased 2 d and 4 d, respectively, after treatment, while no significant changes were observed in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity under NO and KAR1 applications. An increase in H 2 O 2 and O 2 ˙ˉ levels were observed during the entire incubation period”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutathione reductase activity increased 4 days after treatment in Brassica oleracea seeds.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceat0
- Gene
- glutathione reductase (GR)e4
- Outcome
- activitye4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 4 de4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds”
e4“Catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity increased 2 d and 4 d, respectively, after treatment, while no significant changes were observed in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity under NO and KAR1 applications. An increase in H 2 O 2 and O 2 ˙ˉ levels were observed during the entire incubation period”
Claim · model-written summary
No significant change in superoxide dismutase activity occurred under NO and KAR1 in Brassica oleracea seeds.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceat0
- Treatment
- NO and KAR1e4
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e4
- Outcome
- activitye4
- Direction
- no significant changese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds”
e4“Catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity increased 2 d and 4 d, respectively, after treatment, while no significant changes were observed in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity under NO and KAR1 applications. An increase in H 2 O 2 and O 2 ˙ˉ levels were observed during the entire incubation period”
Claim · model-written summary
H2O2 and O2 levels in Brassica oleracea seeds increased during the entire incubation period.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceat0
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 and O 2 ˙ˉ levelse4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Qualifier
- during the entire incubation periode4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds”
e4“Catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity increased 2 d and 4 d, respectively, after treatment, while no significant changes were observed in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity under NO and KAR1 applications. An increase in H 2 O 2 and O 2 ˙ˉ levels were observed during the entire incubation period”
Claim · model-written summary
NO and KAR1 up-regulated three ethylene biosynthesis ACS genes in Brassica oleracea.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceat0
- Treatment
- NO and KAR1e6
- Gene
- BOACS7, BOACS9 and BOACS11e6
- Outcome
- ethylene biosynthesis genese6
- Direction
- up-regulatede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds”
e6“Three out of seven ethylene biosynthesis genes ( BOACS7, BOACS9 and BOACS11 ), two ethylene receptors ( BOETR1 and BOETR2 ) and one ACO gene ( BOACO1 ) were up-regulated in the presence of NO and KAR1”
Claim · model-written summary
NO and KAR1 up-regulated two ethylene receptor genes in Brassica oleracea.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceat0
- Treatment
- NO and KAR1e6
- Gene
- BOETR1 and BOETR2e6
- Outcome
- ethylene receptorse6
- Direction
- up-regulatede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds”
e6“Three out of seven ethylene biosynthesis genes ( BOACS7, BOACS9 and BOACS11 ), two ethylene receptors ( BOETR1 and BOETR2 ) and one ACO gene ( BOACO1 ) were up-regulated in the presence of NO and KAR1”
Claim · model-written summary
NO and KAR1 up-regulated the ACO gene BOACO1 in Brassica oleracea.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceat0
- Treatment
- NO and KAR1e6
- Gene
- BOACO1e6
- Outcome
- ACO genee6
- Direction
- up-regulatede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds”
e6“Three out of seven ethylene biosynthesis genes ( BOACS7, BOACS9 and BOACS11 ), two ethylene receptors ( BOETR1 and BOETR2 ) and one ACO gene ( BOACO1 ) were up-regulated in the presence of NO and KAR1”
Claim · model-written summary
NO and KAR1 removed nearly 98% of the seed dormancy of secondary dormant Brassica oleracea seeds after 7 days.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceat0
- Treatment
- NO and KAR1e7
- Outcome
- seed dormancye7
- Direction
- removede7
- Value
- nearly 98%e7
- Qualifier
- 7 dayse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds”
e7“successfully removed (nearly 98%) of the seed dormancy of secondary dormant Brassica olereace seeds after 7 days of NO and KAR1 application”
The same questions in other papers
nitric oxide · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.