Abstract
In September, buds of ‘Washington’ navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis) grown under warm, well-irrigated conditions for five months expressed FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1), LEAFY (LFY), APETALA1 (AP1) and APETALA2 (AP2); SEPALLATA1 (SEP1), PISTILLATA (PI) and AGAMOUS (AG) were not expressed and no inflorescences developed. Subjecting the trees to low-temperature or water-deficit treatment had no effect on FT, SOC1 and LFY expression, but increased AP1 and AP2 expression with concomitant activation of SEP1, PI and AG and significant flowering. Gibberellic acid (GA3) applied to buds of low-temperature- or water-deficit-treated trees did not affect FT, SOC1 or LFY expression, but dramatically reduced AP1 and AP2 transcription, repressing SEP1, PI and AG and flowering. Similarly, buds of field-grown low-yield, off-crop ‘Pixie’ and ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin trees (C. reticulata) collected in October expressed FT, SOC1, LFY, AP1 and AP2, with SEP1, PI and AG expression delayed until March, one month before the intense return bloom. For high-yield, on-crop trees, which failed to flower, bud FT transcripts were not detected in October through March, LFY, AP1, AP2 and SEP1 expression were lower than off-crop trees by March, and PI and AG transcripts never exceeded the limit of detection. Removing the on crop from ‘Pixie’ mandarin trees in November increased FT expression above detectable levels, AP1 to the level of off-crop trees, and activated PI and AG, resulting in a small number of inflorescence (21% of off-crop trees). To mitigate the negative effects of the on crop on return bloom and yield, fruit would need to be removed before October. Results of this research demonstrated: (i) citrus buds initiate floral development prior to exposure to low temperature in fall-winter, consistent with transition from vegetative to floral development in summer, but leaving open the possibility all buds on adult citrus trees are induced to flower; (ii) sustained FT expression is required for increased AP1 and AP2 expression to levels sufficient for floral determinacy, activation of downstream floral organ identity genes and flowering; and (iii) GA3 and the on crop of citrus fruit inhibit flowering by preventing bud determinacy, not floral induction.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Warm, irrigated Washington navel orange buds expressed FT, SOC1, LFY, AP1 and AP2 in September.
- Taxon
- Citrus sinensis
Citrus sinensise0 - Material
- ‘Washington’ navel orangee0
- Organ / stage
- budse0
- Outcome
- expressed FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1), LEAFY (LFY), APETALA1 (AP1) and APETALA2 (AP2)e0
- Qualifier
- warm, well-irrigated conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In September, buds of ‘Washington’ navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis) grown under warm, well-irrigated conditions for five months expressed FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1), LEAFY (LFY), APETALA1 (AP1) and APETALA2 (AP2); SEPALLATA1 (SEP1), PISTILLATA (PI) and AGAMOUS (AG) were not expressed and no inflorescences developed.”
Claim · model-written summary
SEP1, PI and AG were not expressed in these buds.
- Taxon
- Citrus sinensisCitrus sinensise0
- Material
- ‘Washington’ navel orangee0
- Organ / stage
- budse0
- Outcome
- SEPALLATA1 (SEP1), PISTILLATA (PI) and AGAMOUS (AG) were not expressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In September, buds of ‘Washington’ navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis) grown under warm, well-irrigated conditions for five months expressed FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1), LEAFY (LFY), APETALA1 (AP1) and APETALA2 (AP2); SEPALLATA1 (SEP1), PISTILLATA (PI) and AGAMOUS (AG) were not expressed and no inflorescences developed.”
Claim · model-written summary
No inflorescences developed in warm, irrigated Washington navel orange trees.
- Taxon
- Citrus sinensisCitrus sinensise0
- Material
- ‘Washington’ navel orangee0
- Outcome
- no inflorescences developede0
- Qualifier
- warm, well-irrigated conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In September, buds of ‘Washington’ navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis) grown under warm, well-irrigated conditions for five months expressed FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1), LEAFY (LFY), APETALA1 (AP1) and APETALA2 (AP2); SEPALLATA1 (SEP1), PISTILLATA (PI) and AGAMOUS (AG) were not expressed and no inflorescences developed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-temperature treatment did not affect FT, SOC1 and LFY expression.
- Taxon
- Citrus Reticulata Blancot0
- Treatment
- low-temperaturee0
- Outcome
- FT, SOC1 and LFY expressione0
- Direction
- had no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Subjecting the trees to low-temperature or water-deficit treatment had no effect on FT, SOC1 and LFY expression, but increased AP1 and AP2 expression with concomitant activation of SEP1, PI and AG and significant flowering.”
t0“Citrus Reticulata Blanco”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-deficit treatment did not affect FT, SOC1 and LFY expression.
- Taxon
- Citrus Reticulata Blancot0
- Treatment
- water-deficit treatmente0
- Outcome
- FT, SOC1 and LFY expressione0
- Direction
- had no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Subjecting the trees to low-temperature or water-deficit treatment had no effect on FT, SOC1 and LFY expression, but increased AP1 and AP2 expression with concomitant activation of SEP1, PI and AG and significant flowering.”
t0“Citrus Reticulata Blanco”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-temperature treatment increased AP1 and AP2 expression.
- Taxon
- Citrus Reticulata Blancot0
- Treatment
- low-temperaturee0
- Outcome
- AP1 and AP2 expressione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Subjecting the trees to low-temperature or water-deficit treatment had no effect on FT, SOC1 and LFY expression, but increased AP1 and AP2 expression with concomitant activation of SEP1, PI and AG and significant flowering.”
t0“Citrus Reticulata Blanco”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-deficit treatment increased AP1 and AP2 expression.
- Taxon
- Citrus Reticulata Blancot0
- Treatment
- water-deficit treatmente0
- Outcome
- AP1 and AP2 expressione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Subjecting the trees to low-temperature or water-deficit treatment had no effect on FT, SOC1 and LFY expression, but increased AP1 and AP2 expression with concomitant activation of SEP1, PI and AG and significant flowering.”
t0“Citrus Reticulata Blanco”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-temperature treatment activated SEP1, PI and AG and led to significant flowering.
- Taxon
- Citrus Reticulata Blancot0
- Treatment
- low-temperaturee0
- Outcome
- activation of SEP1, PI and AG and significant floweringe0
- Direction
- activatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Subjecting the trees to low-temperature or water-deficit treatment had no effect on FT, SOC1 and LFY expression, but increased AP1 and AP2 expression with concomitant activation of SEP1, PI and AG and significant flowering.”
t0“Citrus Reticulata Blanco”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-deficit treatment activated SEP1, PI and AG and led to significant flowering.
- Taxon
- Citrus Reticulata Blancot0
- Treatment
- water-deficit treatmente0
- Outcome
- activation of SEP1, PI and AG and significant floweringe0
- Direction
- activatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Subjecting the trees to low-temperature or water-deficit treatment had no effect on FT, SOC1 and LFY expression, but increased AP1 and AP2 expression with concomitant activation of SEP1, PI and AG and significant flowering.”
t0“Citrus Reticulata Blanco”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 did not affect FT, SOC1 or LFY expression in stressed trees.
- Taxon
- Citrus Reticulata Blancot0
- Treatment
- Gibberellic acid (GA3)e0
- Outcome
- FT, SOC1 or LFY expressione0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Qualifier
- low-temperature- or water-deficit-treated treese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Gibberellic acid (GA3) applied to buds of low-temperature- or water-deficit-treated trees did not affect FT, SOC1 or LFY expression, but dramatically reduced AP1 and AP2 transcription, repressing SEP1, PI and AG and flowering.”
t0“Citrus Reticulata Blanco”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 dramatically reduced AP1 and AP2 transcription in stressed trees.
- Taxon
- Citrus Reticulata Blancot0
- Treatment
- Gibberellic acid (GA3)e0
- Outcome
- AP1 and AP2 transcriptione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- low-temperature- or water-deficit-treated treese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Gibberellic acid (GA3) applied to buds of low-temperature- or water-deficit-treated trees did not affect FT, SOC1 or LFY expression, but dramatically reduced AP1 and AP2 transcription, repressing SEP1, PI and AG and flowering.”
t0“Citrus Reticulata Blanco”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 repressed SEP1, PI and AG expression and flowering in stressed trees.
- Taxon
- Citrus Reticulata Blancot0
- Treatment
- Gibberellic acid (GA3)e0
- Outcome
- SEP1, PI and AG and floweringe0
- Direction
- repressinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Gibberellic acid (GA3) applied to buds of low-temperature- or water-deficit-treated trees did not affect FT, SOC1 or LFY expression, but dramatically reduced AP1 and AP2 transcription, repressing SEP1, PI and AG and flowering.”
t0“Citrus Reticulata Blanco”
Claim · model-written summary
Off-crop mandarin buds expressed FT, SOC1, LFY, AP1 and AP2 in October.
- Taxon
- C. reticulata
.jpg?width=60)
Citrus reticulatae0 - Material
- ‘Pixie’ and ‘Nules Clementine’e0
- Organ / stage
- budse0
- Outcome
- expressed FT, SOC1, LFY, AP1 and AP2e0
- Qualifier
- low-yield, off-crope0
- Setting
- field-growne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, buds of field-grown low-yield, off-crop ‘Pixie’ and ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin trees (C. reticulata) collected in October expressed FT, SOC1, LFY, AP1 and AP2, with SEP1, PI and AG expression delayed until March, one month before the intense return bloom.”
Claim · model-written summary
SEP1, PI and AG expression in off-crop mandarin buds was delayed until March.
- Taxon
- C. reticulataCitrus reticulatae0
- Material
- ‘Pixie’ and ‘Nules Clementine’e0
- Outcome
- SEP1, PI and AG expression delayed until Marche0
- Qualifier
- one month before the intense return bloome0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, buds of field-grown low-yield, off-crop ‘Pixie’ and ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin trees (C. reticulata) collected in October expressed FT, SOC1, LFY, AP1 and AP2, with SEP1, PI and AG expression delayed until March, one month before the intense return bloom.”
Claim · model-written summary
High-yield on-crop mandarin buds lacked detectable FT transcripts from October through March.
Verbatim
e0“For high-yield, on-crop trees, which failed to flower, bud FT transcripts were not detected in October through March, LFY, AP1, AP2 and SEP1 expression were lower than off-crop trees by March, and PI and AG transcripts never exceeded the limit of detection.”
t0“Citrus Reticulata Blanco”
Claim · model-written summary
LFY, AP1, AP2 and SEP1 expression in on-crop trees was lower than in off-crop trees by March.
Verbatim
e0“For high-yield, on-crop trees, which failed to flower, bud FT transcripts were not detected in October through March, LFY, AP1, AP2 and SEP1 expression were lower than off-crop trees by March, and PI and AG transcripts never exceeded the limit of detection.”
t0“Citrus Reticulata Blanco”
Claim · model-written summary
PI and AG transcripts in on-crop trees remained below detection.
Verbatim
e0“For high-yield, on-crop trees, which failed to flower, bud FT transcripts were not detected in October through March, LFY, AP1, AP2 and SEP1 expression were lower than off-crop trees by March, and PI and AG transcripts never exceeded the limit of detection.”
t0“Citrus Reticulata Blanco”
Claim · model-written summary
November crop removal from Pixie mandarin increased FT and AP1 expression and activated PI and AG.
Verbatim
e0“Removing the on crop from ‘Pixie’ mandarin trees in November increased FT expression above detectable levels, AP1 to the level of off-crop trees, and activated PI and AG, resulting in a small number of inflorescence (21% of off-crop trees).”
t0“Citrus Reticulata Blanco”
Claim · model-written summary
November crop removal produced inflorescences at 21% of the off-crop level.
Verbatim
e0“Removing the on crop from ‘Pixie’ mandarin trees in November increased FT expression above detectable levels, AP1 to the level of off-crop trees, and activated PI and AG, resulting in a small number of inflorescence (21% of off-crop trees).”
t0“Citrus Reticulata Blanco”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend fruit removal before October to mitigate on-crop effects on return bloom and yield.
Verbatim
e0“To mitigate the negative effects of the on crop on return bloom and yield, fruit would need to be removed before October.”
t0“Citrus Reticulata Blanco”
The same questions in other papers
cold · molecular: expression · Citrus reticulata (tangerine)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
drought · phenology · Citrus reticulata (tangerine)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
drought · molecular: expression · Citrus reticulata (tangerine)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.