Abstract
This research was conducted to investigate the reason for barnyardgrass occurrence in the late growth stages of rice as a result of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate and cyhalofop-butyl + azimsulfuron + molinate treatments generally used in paddy fields of direct-seeded culture. To find the reason, we investigated proper water depths and flooding periods after herbicide treatment, the destruction of the herbicide treatment zone, and the input period of seeds of barnyardgrass. The total amount of barnyardgrass occurring in paddy fields used for this research was 2,246 per m2. Of this amount of total barnyardgrass, 56.5% (1,268 per m2) appeared within a depth of 10 cm from the soil surface. Barnyardgrass was controlled by 96-97% at 27 days after a treatment of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate and cyhalofop-butyl + azimsulfuron + molinate, but was controlled by 74.4% and 81.4% at 82 days after the herbicide treatments, respectively. There was no difference in the controlling effect on water depths between pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate and cyhalofop- butyl + azimsulfuron + molinate. However, the controlling effect was higher with increased flooding periods of herbicide treatment. Thus, a proper flooding period after herbicide treatments was at least 5 days in pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate and 1 day in cyhalofop-butyl + azimsulfuron + molinate. There was no significant difference in the controlling effect of both herbicides whether or not the soil was stirred. The possibility of barnyardgrass occurrence at the late growth stages of rice was lowered by the input of barnyardgrass seeds through a waterway after the treatment of both herbicides. Barnyardgrass was controlled by 100% by a thiobencarb application at 5 days before seeding followed by pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate and was controlled by over 93% by other herbicides, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate followed by butachlor, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate followed by cyhalofop-butyl + bentazon, and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate followed by fenoxaprofop + bentazon. However, barnyardgrass was 74.4% controlled by pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate alone. Therefore, this research suggests that the best method to suppress barnyardgrass occurrence until the late growth stages of rice in direct-seeded paddy fields may be sequential herbicide application over 3 days, and retention in 3 cm water depth after herbicide treatments
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Barnyardgrass density was 2,246 per m2.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Interactor
- barnyardgrass
Echinochloa crus-gallie0weed - Outcome
- amount of barnyardgrasse0
- Value
- 2,246 per m2e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total amount of barnyardgrass occurring in paddy fields used for this research was 2,246 per m2.”
t0“Occurrence Reason and Control of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) at the Late Growth Stages of Rice in Direct-Seeded Rice Culture”
Claim · model-written summary
56.5% of barnyardgrass occurred within 10 cm of the surface.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallit1weed
- Outcome
- barnyardgrasst1
- Value
- 56.5%e0
- Qualifier
- within a depth of 10 cme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“56.5% (1,268 per m2) appeared within a depth of 10 cm from the soil surface.”
t0“Occurrence Reason and Control of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) at the Late Growth Stages of Rice in Direct-Seeded Rice Culture”
t1“total amount of barnyardgrass occurring in paddy fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl plus molinate and cyhalofop-butyl plus azimsulfuron plus molinate controlled barnyardgrass by 96–97% at day 27.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate and cyhalofop-butyl + azimsulfuron + molinatee0
- Interactor
- BarnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie0weed
- Outcome
- Barnyardgrasse0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 96-97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barnyardgrass was controlled by 96-97% at 27 days after a treatment of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate and cyhalofop-butyl + azimsulfuron + molinate”
t0“Occurrence Reason and Control of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) at the Late Growth Stages of Rice in Direct-Seeded Rice Culture”
Claim · model-written summary
At day 82, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl plus molinate controlled 74.4% of barnyardgrass.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinatet1
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie1weed
- Outcome
- barnyardgrasse1
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 74.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was controlled by 74.4% and 81.4% at 82 days after the herbicide treatments, respectively.”
t0“Occurrence Reason and Control of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) at the Late Growth Stages of Rice in Direct-Seeded Rice Culture”
t1“pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate and cyhalofop-butyl + azimsulfuron + molinate treatments generally used in paddy fields”
e1“The total amount of barnyardgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
At day 82, cyhalofop-butyl plus azimsulfuron plus molinate controlled 81.4% of barnyardgrass.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- cyhalofop-butyl + azimsulfuron + molinatet1
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie1weed
- Outcome
- barnyardgrasse1
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 81.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was controlled by 74.4% and 81.4% at 82 days after the herbicide treatments, respectively.”
t0“Occurrence Reason and Control of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) at the Late Growth Stages of Rice in Direct-Seeded Rice Culture”
t1“pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate and cyhalofop-butyl + azimsulfuron + molinate treatments generally used in paddy fields”
e1“The total amount of barnyardgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides did not differ in control effect across water depths.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinatee0
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallit1weed
- Outcome
- controlling effecte0
- Direction
- no differencee0
- Comparator
- cyhalofop- butyl + azimsulfuron + molinatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no difference in the controlling effect on water depths between pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate and cyhalofop- butyl + azimsulfuron + molinate.”
t0“Occurrence Reason and Control of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) at the Late Growth Stages of Rice in Direct-Seeded Rice Culture”
t1“total amount of barnyardgrass occurring in paddy fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer flooding after herbicide treatment increased barnyardgrass control.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- increased flooding periodse0
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallit1weed
- Outcome
- controlling effecte0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the controlling effect was higher with increased flooding periods of herbicide treatment.”
t0“Occurrence Reason and Control of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) at the Late Growth Stages of Rice in Direct-Seeded Rice Culture”
t1“total amount of barnyardgrass occurring in paddy fields”
Claim · model-written summary
A proper flood period was at least five days after pyrazosulfuron-ethyl plus molinate.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinatee0
- Outcome
- flooding periode0
- Value
- at least 5 dayse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a proper flooding period after herbicide treatments was at least 5 days in pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate”
t0“Occurrence Reason and Control of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) at the Late Growth Stages of Rice in Direct-Seeded Rice Culture”
Claim · model-written summary
A proper flood period was one day after cyhalofop-butyl plus azimsulfuron plus molinate.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- cyhalofop-butyl + azimsulfuron + molinatee0
- Outcome
- 1 daye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1 day in cyhalofop-butyl + azimsulfuron + molinate.”
t0“Occurrence Reason and Control of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) at the Late Growth Stages of Rice in Direct-Seeded Rice Culture”
Claim · model-written summary
Stirring soil did not significantly change herbicide control.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- soil was stirrede0
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallit1weed
- Outcome
- controlling effecte0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- whether or note0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no significant difference in the controlling effect of both herbicides whether or not the soil was stirred.”
t0“Occurrence Reason and Control of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) at the Late Growth Stages of Rice in Direct-Seeded Rice Culture”
t1“total amount of barnyardgrass occurring in paddy fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Barnyardgrass seed input through waterways after herbicide treatment lowered late occurrence.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie0weed
- Outcome
- barnyardgrass occurrencee0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The possibility of barnyardgrass occurrence at the late growth stages of rice was lowered by the input of barnyardgrass seeds through a waterway after the treatment of both herbicides.”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiobencarb followed by pyrazosulfuron-ethyl plus molinate achieved 100% barnyardgrass control.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- thiobencarb application at 5 days before seeding followed by pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinatee0
- Interactor
- BarnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie0weed
- Outcome
- Barnyardgrasse0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barnyardgrass was controlled by 100% by a thiobencarb application at 5 days before seeding followed by pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate”
t0“Occurrence Reason and Control of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) at the Late Growth Stages of Rice in Direct-Seeded Rice Culture”
Claim · model-written summary
Other sequential herbicides exceeded 93% barnyardgrass control.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- other herbicidese0
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallit1weed
- Outcome
- barnyardgrasst1
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- over 93%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was controlled by over 93% by other herbicides, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate followed by butachlor, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate followed by cyhalofop-butyl + bentazon, and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate followed by fenoxaprofop + bentazon.”
t0“Occurrence Reason and Control of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) at the Late Growth Stages of Rice in Direct-Seeded Rice Culture”
t1“total amount of barnyardgrass occurring in paddy fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl plus molinate alone controlled 74.4% of barnyardgrass.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate alonee0
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie0weed
- Outcome
- barnyardgrasse0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 74.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“barnyardgrass was 74.4% controlled by pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate alone.”
t0“Occurrence Reason and Control of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) at the Late Growth Stages of Rice in Direct-Seeded Rice Culture”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend sequential herbicide application and retention at 3 cm water depth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie0weed
- Outcome
- sequential herbicide application over 3 days, and retention in 3 cm water depthe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the best method to suppress barnyardgrass occurrence until the late growth stages of rice in direct-seeded paddy fields may be sequential herbicide application over 3 days, and retention in 3 cm water depth after herbicide treatments”
The same questions in other papers
Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl · Echinochloa crus-galli · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
molinate · Echinochloa crus-galli · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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- negative
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See all 9 papers →azimsulfuron · Echinochloa crus-galli · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Cyhalofop-butyl · Echinochloa crus-galli · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
8 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 9 papers →Thiobencarb · Echinochloa crus-galli · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
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See all 9 papers →herbicide · Echinochloa crus-galli · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
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See all 34 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.