Abstract
Climate changes such as erratic rainfall patterns and unpredictable temperatures have brought about environmental stresses, leading to reduction in crop, horticulture, and forage productivities and natural resources in agriculture worldwide. In addition, legacies of anthropognic activities such as contamination and salinisation cause abiotic stress that consequently induces decrease in ariguclaural production. Among the different environmental stresses, salt stress has been an important factor affecting plant growth, which constrains water availability in the soil. As a consequence, high saline soil causes poor seed germination and early seedling growth as well as damages plant cells by inducing generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radical (O2•−), singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radical (OH•) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). It could be expected that New Zealand pasture lands for dairy farming are steadily salinised due to increase in drought duration and excessive irrigation management. This would greatly influence yields of the dairy products and the New Zealand economy. Therefore, in order to maintain sustainable agricultural production, it is necessary to study the resistance of pastoral species to salt tolerance. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) as a biennial species has been considered to be moderately salt stress resistant and useful for dairy pasture required by cows in New Zealand. When considering plant response to salinity, seed priming has been used for improving germination performance, uniformity, and stress tolerance. Understanding cellular mechanisms of seed priming would advance seed germination under saline soil. Various materials are used for seed priming, but there is little information relating to seed priming with amino acids under salt stress. Plants utilise synthesis of amino acids for growth and development as well as defence under environmental stress conditions. Hence, the aims of the present PhD research were to investigate the effect of priming L. multiflorum seeds with twenty L-amino acids applied singly as well as casein hydrolysate mainly as a mixture of amino acids on germination and seedling growth under salt stress. When the seedlings were exposed to salt stress, those developed from seeds primed with casein hydrolysate exhibited higher germination percentage, activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), proline level, and biomass than those from control (non-seed priming) and hydro-priming. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were markedly lower in the roots of the seedlings from seeds primed with casein hydrolysate when the seedlings were grown under salt stress compared to those from the control and hydro-priming. Histochemical staining with diaminobenzidine (DAB) and nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT) revealed less staining in the roots of the seedlings from seeds primed with the casein hydrolysate than control, hydro-priming, and L- and D-methionine priming when the seedlings were grown under salt stress. The beneficial effects of seed priming with casein hydrolysate shown in the laboratory experiments were validated in pot experiments when the plants from the different seed priming treatments were grown in soil added with NaCl solutions under glasshouse conditions. Moreover, in additional glasshouse experiments, there was evidence that seed priming with casein hydrolysate was also beneficial for the plants exposed to another stressor, namely water stress. Therefore, the beneficial effect of casein hydrolysate priming could potentially enhance functions of physiological and biochemical response under soil salinity. It is essential that priming of L. multiflorum seeds with casein hydrolysate might be potentially considered as an effective priming method leading to improved plant performance under stress conditions.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Casein hydrolysate priming increased germination percentage under salt stress versus controls.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrass
Lolium multiflorumt0 - Treatment
- seeds primed with casein hydrolysatee0
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- salt stresse0
- Comparator
- control (non-seed priming) and hydro-priminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the seedlings were exposed to salt stress, those developed from seeds primed with casein hydrolysate exhibited higher germination percentage, activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), proline level, and biomass than those from control (non-seed priming) and hydro-priming.”
t0“Italian ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Casein hydrolysate priming raised antioxidant enzyme activities under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Treatment
- seeds primed with casein hydrolysatee0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- salt stresse0
- Comparator
- control (non-seed priming) and hydro-priminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the seedlings were exposed to salt stress, those developed from seeds primed with casein hydrolysate exhibited higher germination percentage, activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), proline level, and biomass than those from control (non-seed priming) and hydro-priming.”
t0“Italian ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Casein hydrolysate priming raised proline level and biomass under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Treatment
- seeds primed with casein hydrolysatee0
- Outcome
- proline level, and biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- salt stresse0
- Comparator
- control (non-seed priming) and hydro-priminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the seedlings were exposed to salt stress, those developed from seeds primed with casein hydrolysate exhibited higher germination percentage, activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), proline level, and biomass than those from control (non-seed priming) and hydro-priming.”
t0“Italian ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Casein hydrolysate priming lowered root hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- seeds primed with casein hydrolysatee0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contentse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- salt stresse0
- Comparator
- control and hydro-priminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were markedly lower in the roots of the seedlings from seeds primed with casein hydrolysate when the seedlings were grown under salt stress compared to those from the control and hydro-priming.”
t0“Italian ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Casein hydrolysate priming yielded less DAB and NBT root staining than control and other priming treatments.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Treatment
- seeds primed with the casein hydrolysatee0
- Outcome
- staining in the rootse0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Qualifier
- salt stresse0
- Comparator
- control, hydro-priming, and L- and D-methionine priminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Histochemical staining with diaminobenzidine (DAB) and nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT) revealed less staining in the roots of the seedlings from seeds primed with the casein hydrolysate than control, hydro-priming, and L- and D-methionine priming when the seedlings were grown under salt stress.”
t0“Italian ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Beneficial effects of casein hydrolysate priming were validated in saline soil pot experiments.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Treatment
- seed priming with casein hydrolysatee0
- Outcome
- beneficial effectse0
- Setting
- glasshouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The beneficial effects of seed priming with casein hydrolysate shown in the laboratory experiments were validated in pot experiments when the plants from the different seed priming treatments were grown in soil added with NaCl solutions under glasshouse conditions.”
t0“Italian ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Casein hydrolysate priming was also beneficial under water stress in glasshouse experiments.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Treatment
- seed priming with casein hydrolysatee0
- Outcome
- beneficiale0
- Qualifier
- water stresse0
- Setting
- glasshouse experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in additional glasshouse experiments, there was evidence that seed priming with casein hydrolysate was also beneficial for the plants exposed to another stressor, namely water stress.”
t0“Italian ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest casein hydrolysate priming as a method for improving plant performance under stress.
- Taxon
- L. multiflorumLolium multiflorume0
- Outcome
- effective priming method leading to improved plant performance under stress conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“priming of L. multiflorum seeds with casein hydrolysate might be potentially considered as an effective priming method leading to improved plant performance under stress conditions”
The same questions in other papers
seed treatment · physiology: oxidative · Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
seed treatment · growth · Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.